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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Epithelium |
Contains a large number of cells and little intracellular substance Distributed widely The structure depends on it's function Consists of cells attached together by specialized junctions 2 types 1. Surface (lining) 2. Glandular |
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Functions of epithelium |
Protection, secretory, resorption, sensory |
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Protection function of epith. |
1. Mechanical- surface of skin 2. Dehydration- lining of body cavities |
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Secretory function of epith. |
Forms glands (sweat and saliva) |
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Resorption function of epith. |
Lining of digestive tract |
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Sensory function of epith. |
Pressure, pain, temp |
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Two divisions of epithelium |
Surface (lining) epithelium and glandular epithelium |
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Surface (lining) epithelium |
Top if skin or inside of the body cavities (surface layer of mucous) Ex. Mouth, stomach, and intestines |
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Glandular epithelium |
All glands arise as an invagination or surface epithelium Cells proliferate, migrate, and become this |
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Surface epithelium |
Classified according to 1. Shape of the cell (keratinocyte) Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional 2. Number of cell layers present Simple- 1 layer Stratified- several layers |
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Shape of cell keratinocyte |
Squamous- flat or scale like Cuboidal Columnar Transtitional |
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Number of cell layers present |
Simple- 1 layer Stratified- several cell layers |
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Squamous epithelium |
Flat or scale like |
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Simple squamous |
One layer of flat cells Delicate in structure Only found in areas with little- no friction Found inside walls of blood vessels |
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Stratified squamous |
Surface of skin, surface of mucous membrane of oral cavity Most sturdy type of epithelium Areas if considerable wear and tear (Skin, mucous membranes of oral cavity) Composed of many layers of cells (keratinocytes) that rest in basement membrane Contains no blood vessels Receives nourishment via blood vessels in connective tissue |
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Basement membrane |
Separates epithelium from underlying connective tissue |
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Basal cells |
Deepest layer of cells Usually cuboidal in shape, not flat Cells division taking place |
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Keratinized stratified squamous |
Palms of hands and soles of feet |
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Keratin |
Dead layer of squamous cells that sit on top Tough resistant layer No nuclei and no cell walls |
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The oral mucosa |
Contains both keratinized and non keratinized epithelium Non keratinized does contain nuclei |
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Keratinized |
On skin Some oral mucosa, are not sloughed off They lose their cell boundaries |
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Cuboidal epithelium |
Cube shaped Simple cuboidal Stratified cuboidal |
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Simple cuboidal |
Covering epithelium of the ovary Single layer of cuboidal cells |
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Stratified cuboidal |
Lining of the ducts of some of the larger glands Cuboidal cells 2-3 layers deep |
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Columnar epithelium |
Tall, narrow cells Simple columnar, pseudostratified columnar. Cilia, goblet cells |
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Simple columnar |
Cervix of the uterus One layer of tall, narrow cells |
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Pseudostratified columnar |
Maxillary sinuses, trachea, and nasal cavity (nucleus may be near base or top of cell giving misleading appearance) Cells appear to be stratified (several layers thick) but are actually in a single layer |
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Cilia |
Minute, hair like projections filter for dust in nasal cavity and trachea |
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Goblet cells |
Modified epithelial cells among columnar cells that secrete substances to keep the nose and sinuses moist |
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Transitional epithelium |
Lining of bladder A type if stratified epithelium Transitional cells change in shape from round to flat depending on the need |
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Glandular epithelium |
Derived from the epithelium Ex. Salivary glands |
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Acinus |
The functional unit of the gland Organized like grapes on a vine A cluster of acini all empty into a collecting duct called an intercalated duct |
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System of ducts |
Acinus--> intercalated duct--> a striated duct--> excretory duct which is in the connective tissue Each acinus is composed of either serous, mucous, and mixed |
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3 different cells producing saliva |
Mucous alveolus Serous alveolus Mixed alveolus |
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Major salivary glands |
Paired empty into oral cavity by main excretory duct Stensens duct- flap |
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Parotid gland |
In front of the ear Pure serous acini Largest glands Produce 25% of saliva Empties as stensens duct near maxillary molars
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Submandibular gland |
Below lower jaw Inside the angle of mandible Mixed serous and mucous alveoli Produces 60% of saliva Empties as whartons duct in anterior floor of mouth
Submandibular and sublingual drain in same spot |
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Minor salivary glands |
Found throughout mouth Empty into the mouth by short ducts Also classified as serous, mucous, of mixed Each gland is small and consists of a cluster if acini drained by a short duct Located in the cheeks lips hard and soft palate, the tonsillar folds and tongue |
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Major and minor salivary glands |
Composed of the same type of cells Each acinus is composed of one or more of these types of cells Serous mucous and serous demilunes |
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Serous cells |
Watery contains zymogen granules (precursor of amylase) Stains deeply |
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Mucous cells |
Viscous Composed of mucin. Appears light |
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Serous demilunes |
Mucous cells with a cap of serous cells |
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Serous, mucous, and serous demilunes |
Drain into intercalated duct |
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Connective tissue |
Develops from embryonic mesenchyme (mesoderm) Proportion of each component varies depending on type Fewer Cells than epithelium and a larger amount of ground substance |
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Major components of C.T. |
Cells fibers and ground substance (intercellular substance) |
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Typed of connective tissue |
Connective tissue proper (4 types) Cartilage Bone Blood |
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4 types of connective tissue proper |
Fibrous CT Areolar CT Adipose CT Hemopoietic CT Collagen is primary fiber |
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Fibrous connective tissue |
Under the epithelium of the skin and the oral mucosa A. Dense fibrous ct B. Loose fibrous ct |
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Dense fibrous CT |
Makes up tendons and ligaments |
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Loose fibrous CT |
Highly movable tissue (dermis) |
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Areolar CT |
Make up the fascia between muscles and organs |
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Adipose CT |
Fat cells |
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Hemopoietic CT |
Red bone marrow and lymphatic tissue that produce blood cells Fibers are produced by fibroblasts and are made of protein |
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Fibers of CT |
Collagen Reticulin Elastic Oxytalin |
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Collagen |
Most abundant in the CT Thickest and highly resistant to tension |
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Reticulin |
Finer than collagen fibers Usually found in border areas between CT and other tissues |
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Elastic |
More branching than collagen Ligaments and arteries |
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Oxytalin |
Immature elastic fibers |
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Ground substance of CT |
Intracellular substance Amorphous substance Larger carbohydrate chains and long proteins
Gel like structure makes it resistant to compression Covers and cells are suspended within |
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Cells of CT |
Fibroblasts Histiocytes Adipose cells Mast cells |
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Fibroblasts |
The most numerous cells of CT Produce CT fibers and ground substance Fusiform, stellate shape |
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Histiocytes |
Also known as macrophages Phagosytosis (ingest bacteria) rich in lysosomes |
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Adipose cells |
Fat cells Signet ring shaped Nucleus pushed to the side |
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Mast cells |
WBC Large ovoid cells Usually found close to blood vessels Filled with granules |
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2 types of mast cells |
Heparin and histamine |
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Heparin |
Anticoagulant |
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Histamine |
Produces vasodilation Increases permeability of small vessels Help maintain vascular homeostasis |
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Wandering cells |
Fight infections Cells are normally found in blood vessels, but move in and out of CT as needed |
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4 types of wandering cells |
Monocytes Neutrophil Lymphocytes Plasma cells |
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Monocytes |
Can become macrophages in CT Found in areas of localized infection Large horseshoe shaped nucleus |
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Neutrophil |
WBC First line of defense against bacteria Large irregularly shaped nucleus Cytoplasm filled granules |
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Lymphocytes |
Produces antibodies (wbc) About the size of rbc Larger nucleus that may be indented |
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Plasma cells |
Found in areas of chronic inflammation Produces antibodies Larger than lymphocytes and more irregularly shaped |
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Sublingual glands |
Beneath anterior floor of mouth Pure mucous 5% of saliva Empties with whartons duct |
