Bisc 415 Test 1 (Epithelium & Connective Tissue)

Front 1

Which tissue type covers & secretes?

Back 1

Epithelial

Front 2

Which tissue type contracts?

Back 2

Muscle

Front 3

Which tissue type supports, binds, & protects?

Back 3

Connective

Front 4

Which tissue type produces, supports, and transmits action potentials?

Back 4

Nervous

Front 5

What are the general characteristics of epithelial tissue?

Back 5

1. no blood supply

2. large nuclei relative to size

3. high mitosis rate

Front 6

Where is covering epithelia found?

Back 6

Exterior and interior surfaces

Front 7

Where is glandular epithelia found?

Back 7

exocrine and endocrine glands

Front 8

What is the purpose of cell adhesions?

Back 8

Maintain structure and regulate movement

Front 9

Which cell adhesion is tube-like and functions in communication?

Back 9

gap junction

Front 10

Which cell adhesion anchors and is known as macula adherens?

Back 10

Desmosomes/hemidesmosomes

Front 11

Which cell adhesion is the most apical, contains protein binding claudins, forms seals, has zonulae that go around the entire perimeter of the cell and is known as zonula occludens?

Back 11

Tight junctions

Front 12

Which cell adhesion anchors a cell to its neighbor via cadherins and is known as zonula ahderens?

Back 12

Adhering junction

Front 13

Which cell surface is attached to the basement membrane?

Back 13

Basal

Front 14

Which cell surface faces the free surface?

Back 14

apical

Front 15

Which cell surface is exposed?

Back 15

free

Front 16

Which cell surface faces a neighbor cell?

Back 16

lateral

Front 17

What cell surface is basal lamina + reticular lamina?

Back 17

Basement membrane

Front 18

What is the main function of the basement membrane and can it be degraded?

Back 18

Separate epithelial and connective tissue. It is made of extracellular material so it is not degraded if the cells die.

Front 19

Which class of epithelia is described as aggregated polyhedral cells with little to no extracellular material?

Back 19

Covering Epithelia

Front 20

How is covering epithelia characterized?

Back 20

1. number of layers

2. shape of cells at the apical surface

Front 21

What is the most common stain for covering epithelia?

Back 21

Pararosaline toluidine stain. Reacts with aldehydes.

Front 22

Which covering epithelia is described as a single layer of flat cells?

Back 22

Simple Squamous epithelium

Front 23

What is the difference between endothelium and mesothelium?

Back 23

Endothelium is in the lining of vessels. Mesothelium is in the lining of cavities

Front 24

What are the 3 main functions of simple squamous epithelium?

Back 24

1. regulate movement in viscera

2. pinocytosis

3. secretion

Front 25

Which epithelial tissue is uncommon and composed of a single layer of cube shaped cells?

Back 25

simple cuboidal epithelium

Front 26

What are the 3 main functions of simple cuboidal epithleium?

Back 26

1. covers

2. secretion

3. reabsorption

Front 27

What are some examples of where simple cuboidal epithelium is found?

Back 27

Nephron tubules, thyroid follicles, & unilaminar ovarian follicles

Front 28

Which epithelial tissue is common, often has cell surface specialization, embedded goblet cells, and nuclei that are moderately lined up? (column shaped)

Back 28

Simple columnar epithelium

Front 29

What are the functions of simple columnar epithelium?

Back 29

1. regulate movement & entrapment

Front 30

Where is simple columnar epithelium found?

Back 30

lining of the intestines

Front 31

Which epithelial tissue has nuclei that appear to be in layers, all cells attached to the basement membrane, and cells are often ciliated?

Back 31

Psuedostratified columnar epithelium

Front 32

What are the functions of psuedostratified columnar epithelium?

Back 32

protection, secretion, and entrapment

Front 33

Where is psuedostratified epithelium found?

Back 33

limited to mostly respiratory structures

Front 34

Which epithelial tissue has multiple layers with flattened cells near apical surface, found in areas prone to loss, and are frequently replaced and thus more prone to cancer?

Back 34

Stratified Squamous epithelium

Front 35

What are the 2 variations of stratified squamous & their appearance?

Back 35

Dry: keratinized uppermost cells

Moist: no keratinization and contains glandular epithelia

Front 36

What are the functions of the two types of stratified squamous epithelium?

Back 36

Dry: protect skin & waterproofing (skin)

Moist: prevent water loss and produce secretions (mouth, esophagus, vagina, cervix, & larynx)

Front 37

What is defined as tissue type change due to repeated damage?

Back 37

Metaplasia

Front 38

What epithelial tissue is described as 2 layers of cuboidal cells?

Back 38

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Front 39

Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found & what does it do?

Back 39

Location: sweat glands, mammary glands, & multilaminar ovarian follicles.

Function: secretion

Front 40

Components of an H&E stain and what they bind to?

Back 40

H: hematoxylin, binds to acidic structures (blue/purple)

E: eosin, binds to basic structures (pink)

Front 41

What epithelial tissue is described as having no organized layers & not all cells are attached to the basement membrane, uppermost cells aren't flattened, and some of the uppermost cells are binucleated?

Back 41

Stratified transitional epithelium

Front 42

What are the functions and locations of stratified transitional epithelium?

Back 42

Function: stretch, distend, and regain original shape. Secretions protect against hypertonic urine

Location: multiple urinary structures

Front 43

Which epithelial tissue may be described as columnar cuboidal epithelium and has 1 layer of columnar cells resting on a layer of cuboidal cells?

Back 43

Stratified columnar

Front 44

Where is stratified columnar epithelium found?

Back 44

conjuctiva of the eye, large salivary glands

Front 45

What are the 2 non-motile surface specialization?

Back 45

1. Microvilli: found in small intestine

2. Stereocilia: found in ear hair cells

Front 46

What are the 2 motile surface specializations?

Back 46

1. Cilia: found in fallopian tubes

2. Flagellum

Front 47

What type of epithelia is subdivided into single cells embedded with non-secretory epithelia, multicellular exocrine glands, and mutlicellular endocrine glands?

Back 47

Glandular epithelia

Front 48

What type of unicellular glandular epithelium show polarity and have a serum like secretion?

Back 48

Serous secreting. Found in parietal & visceral layers of pleural & pericardial cavities.

Front 49

What membrane lines cavities with no opening to exterior of the body?

Back 49

Serous membrane

Front 50

Which unicellular glandular epithelium has mucous cells, found in lining of tracts and tubules, & secretory granules contain hyrophilic glycoproteins?

Back 50

Mucus secreting glandular epithelium

Front 51

What membrane lines body cavities that open to the exterior of the body?

Back 51

Mucous membranes

Front 52

3 functional classifications of endocrine & exocrine glands and their differences?

Back 52

1. Merocrine: only secretory product is released

2. Holocrine: secretion is released with entire cell

3. Apocrine: secretion is released with part of the cytoplasm

Front 53

What are the functions of the cells in connective tissue?

Back 53

build (blasts) and maintain (cytes) the tissue

Front 54

What are the proteins extruded into the ground substance of connective tissue?

Back 54

Fibers

Front 55

What are the two main characteristics of connective tissue?

Back 55

1. cells often described as embedded within a matrix

2. matrix = ground substance + fibers

3. Most common fibers: collagen, elastic, & reticular

Front 56

What is the most common type of collagen that forms fibrils, non-argyrophilic, and function in resistance to tension?

Back 56

Type 1 Collagen fibers

Front 57

What colors do the eosinophilic fibers of type 1 collagen fibers appear with different stains?

Back 57

1. H&E: pink

2. Picrosiruis red: bright red

3. Mallory's trichrome: blue

4. Masson's trichrome: green

Front 58

Which collagen type are abundant in organs that filter, argyrophilic, and have a high sugar content?

Back 58

Type 3 (reticular)

Front 59

Which fibers are found in organs that stretch and recoil?

Back 59

Elastic fibers

Front 60

What are the 3 stages of elastic fibers?

Back 60

1. Stage 1 (oxytalan): no elastin, resistant to pulling forces

2. Stage 2 (elaunin): elastin + microfibrils

3. Stage 3 (elastic): most elastin. stretches and recoils easily

Front 61

What is described as hydrated, colorless, complex mix of macromolecules?

Back 61

Ground substance

Front 62

What are the 3 primary classes of components of the ground substance in connective tissue?

Back 62

1. GAGS (glycosaminoglycans): linear polysaccharides with repeated disaccharide units

2. Proteoglycan: core protein associated with GAG

3. Multiadhesive Glycoprotein: dominant protein moiety with attached carbohydrate

Front 63

What are the 2 main types of connective tissue?

Back 63

1. embryonic

2. adult

Front 64

What are the 2 kinds of embryonic tissue?

Back 64

1. mesenchyme

2. mucous

Front 65

Which connective tissue type has no dominant component, contains fibroblasts & macrophages, is vascularized, flexible, but not resistant to stress?

Back 65

Loose connective tissue

Front 66

Which connective tissue type has fibers dominant and is resistant to stress and tension?

Back 66

Dense connective tissue

Front 67

Which connective tissue type is uncommon, characterized by thick elastic fibers, and found in the yellow ligaments of the vertebral column?

Back 67

Elastic tissue

Front 68

Which specialize connective tissue creates a sieve-like structure for filtering, contains phagocytic cells, and is found in the spleen & lymphnodes?

Back 68

Reticular tissue

Front 69

Which tissue is only found in embryonic or developing specimens, few fibers/fibroblasts, and has a ground substance high in hyaluronic acid?

Back 69

Mucous tissue

Front 70

Which connective tissue is characterized by osteocytes housed in lacunae?

Back 70

Bone

Front 71

If parasympathectic hormone is increase, calcium is ?

Back 71

released

Front 72

If calcitonin is increased, calcium is?

Back 72

stored

Front 73

Which bone cell is derived from osteoprogenitor cells and deposits collagen and ground substance? bulbous shape if active?

Back 73

Osteoblasts

Front 74

What are mature bone cells that connect via gap junctions?

Back 74

Osteocytes

Front 75

Which bone cells are multinucleated, secrete collagenase, and are are inhibited by increased calcitonin and stimulated by increased parathyroid hormone?

Back 75

Osteoclasts

Front 76

What is the thick outer layer of collagen fibers and fibroblasts in bone tissue?

Back 76

Periosteum

Front 77

What lines the inner cavity of bones and is comprised of a single layer of osteoblasts and osteoprogenitor cells?

Back 77

Endosteum

Front 78

When is primary compact bone formed?

Back 78

embryonically or during repair

Front 79

What are the characteristics of primary compact bone?

Back 79

Random arrangement of collagen fibers, low mineral content, and many osteocytes

Front 80

Which type of compact bone has collage fibers and calcified ground substance arranged in lamellae and has an angled fiber orientation to increase its strength?

Back 80

Secondary (lamellar)