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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Releasing and inhibiting factors
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TARGET: anterior pituitary
EFFECT: modify activity GLAND: hypothalamus *peptide |
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Growth hormone (GH)
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EFFECT: increase bone and muscle growth, increase cell turnover rate
GLAND: anterior pituitary *peptide |
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Prolactin
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TARGET: mammary gland
EFFECT: milk production GLAND: anterior pituitary *peptide |
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Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
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TARGET: thyroid
EFFECT: increase synthesis and release of TH GLAND: anterior pituitary (tropic) *peptide |
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Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
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EFFECT: increase growth and secretory activity of adrenal cortex
GLAND: anterior pituitary (tropic) *peptide |
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Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
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TARGET: ovary, testes
EFFECT: ovulation, testosterone synthesis GLAND: anterior pituitary (gonadotropic) *peptide |
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Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
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TARGET: ovary, testes
EFFECT: follicle development, spermatogenesis GLAND: anterior pituitary (gonadotropic) *peptide |
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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH, vasopressin)
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TARGET: kidney
EFFECT: water retention GLAND: posterior pituitary *peptide |
ADH is secreted when plasma volume is too low, blood pressure is too low, or plasma osmolarity is too high. It causes water reabsorption by causing epithelial cells of the distal nephron to become permeable to water, which allows water to flow out of the filtrate into the medullary interstitium. Vasa recta return this water to the bloodstream. The result is more concentrated urine, and more dilute blood. ADH and aldosterone work together to increase blood pressure. Aldosterone causes sodium reabsorption, which results in increased plasma osmolarity; this causes ADH to be secreted, which results in increased water reabsorption and thus increased plasma volume.
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Oxytocin
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TARGET: breast, uterus
EFFECT: milk letdown, contraction GLAND: posterior pituitary *peptide |
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Thyroid hormone (TH, thyroxine)
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EFFECT: necessary for physical and mental development in children; increases metabolic rate and temperature in adults
GLAND: thyroid *modified amino acid |
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Calcitonin
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TARGET: bone, kidney
EFFECT: lowers serum (Ca2+) GLAND: thyroid C cells *peptide |
C cells are located in the thyroid gland but do not secrete thyroid hormone. They secrete calcitonin when the serum [Ca2+] is too high. Calcitonin causes [Ca2+] to be removed from the blood by 1) deposition in bone, 2) reduced absorption by the gut, and 3) excretion in urine.
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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TARGET: bone, kidney, small intestine
EFFECT: raises serum (Ca2+) GLAND: parathyroids *peptide |
There are four parathyroid glands, found embedded in the thyroid gland. The function of PTH is opposite that of calcitonin.
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Thymosin
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TARGET: children only
EFFECT: T cell development during childhood GLAND: thymus *peptide |
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Epinephrine
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EFFECT: sympathetic stress response (rapid)
GLAND: adrenal medulla *modified amino acid |
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Cortisol ("glucocorticoid")
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EFFECT: longer-term stress response; increase blood [glucose], increase protein catabolism; decrease inflammation and immunity; many others
GLAND: adrenal cortex *steroid |
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Aldosterone ("mineralocorrticoid")
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TARGET: kidney
EFFECT: increase Na+ reabsorption to increase blood pressure GLAND: adrenal cortex *steroid |
Causes sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion by increasing the synthesis of basolateral Na+/K+ ATPases in the distal nephron. End result: increased serum [Na+], increased blood volume (through the action of ADH), and thus increased blood pressure.
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Sex steroids
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EFFECT: not normally important, but an adrenal tumor can overproduce these, causing masculinization or feminization
GLAND: adrenal cortex *steroid |
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Insulin
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TARGET: decrease blood glucose concentrations
EFFECT: increase glycogen and fat storage GLAND: endocrine pancreas (islets of Langerhans; beta-cells secreted; absent or ineffective in diabetes mellitus *peptide |
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Glucagon
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TARGET: increase blood glucose concentrations
EFFECT: decrease glycogen and fat storage GLAND: endocrine pancreas (islets of Langerhans) *peptide |
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Somatostatin
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EFFECT: inhibits many digestive problems
GLAND: endocrine pancreas (islets of Langerhans) *peptide |
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Testosterone
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EFFECT: male characteristics, spermatogenesis; female characteristics
GLAND: testes *steroid |
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Estrogen
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EFFECT: female characteristics; endometrial growth
GLAND: ovaries/placenta *steroid |
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Progesterone
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EFFECT: endometrial secretion, pregnancy
GLAND: ovaries/placenta *steroid |
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Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF)
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TARGET: kidney
EFFECT: increase urination to decrease blood pressure GLAND: heart *peptide |
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Erythropoietin
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TARGET: bone marrow
EFFECT: RBC synthesis GLAND: kidney *peptide |
Erythropoietin (EPO) causes increased synthesis of red blood cells in the bone marrow. It is released when blood oxygen content falls.
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