Endocrine System

Front 1

Describe Endocrine glands

Back 1

Ductless. Release secretions directly into blood stream.

Front 2

Describe Exocrine glands

Back 2

Have ducts and release secretions to the outside or into the lumen of organs.

Front 3

How much hormone is secreted?

Back 3

Small amts. Nanograms or picograms.

Front 4

Paracrine secretions

Back 4

SecreTed by cells into interstitial space, act locally, affect neighboring cells of a diff type.

Front 5

Autocrine secretions

Back 5

Secreted by a cell into the interstitial space, affect only the secreting cell.

Front 6

Major endocrine glands

Back 6

Pineal, Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Thymus, Adrenal, Kidney, Pancreas, Ovaries/Testes

Front 7

Organs with endocrine functions

Back 7

Heart, Gastrointestinal tract, adipose tissue, endothelium of blood vessels

Front 8

Types or hormones

Back 8

Steroid and non-steroid

Front 9

Describe Steroid or steroid-like hormones

Back 9

Derived from cholesterol, act on target cells via receptors present W/IN cell cytoplasm or nucleus. Ex: sex hormones, adrenal cortex hormones

Front 10

Describe non-steroid hormones

Back 10

Derived from amino acids (amines, proteins, peptides, glycoproteins), act on target cells via receptors on cell membrane. Ex. Most hormones

Front 11

What mechanism controls hormone secretions?

Back 11

Negative feedback

Front 12

Another name for anterior pituitary gland

Back 12

Adenohypophysis

Front 13

Another name for posterior pituitary gland

Back 13

Neurohypophysis

Front 14

Hormones secreted by anterior pituitary

Back 14

TSH Thyroid Stim Hormone; ACTH Adrenocorticotrophic hormone; GH Growth Hormone; LH Leutinising hor/FSH Follicle Stim Hor; PRL Prolactin. (proteins, peptides, or glycoproteins)

Front 15

Hormones secreted by posterior pituitary

Back 15

ADH Antidiuretic hor; OT Oxytocin (peptides)

Front 16

How is anterior pituitary connected to hypothalamus?

Back 16

Primary and secondary capillary networks

Front 17

Hypothalamus hormones

Back 17

GHRH Growth hor releasing hor, SS Somatostatin; PRF Prolactin Releasing Factor; PIH Prolactin Release Inhib hor; TRH Thyrotropin releasing hor; CRH Corticotropin releasing hor; GnRG Gonadotropin releasing hor.

Front 18

How is the hypothalamus connected to the posterior pituitary?

Back 18

Nerve fibers

Front 19

Axns of Growth Hormone

Back 19

Promotes increase in size of muscles, tissues, organs, and long bones to determine individuals size/height. Increases entry of AA's and synth of proteins in cells; increases blood sugar levels & helps to maint btwn meals; stims breakdown of fats to release fatty acids into blood for energy purposes in cells.

Front 20

GH secretion abnormalities

Back 20

Decreased GH in childhood: Dwarfism. Increased GH in childhood: Gigantism. Increased GH in adult: Acromegaly

Front 21

Actions of PRL Prolactin

Back 21

Stim dev of mammary glands during pregnancy w/ female sex hormones; Stim milk synth; Inhibits ovulation and menstruation by decreasing GnRH, FSH and LH.

Front 22

What can tumors secreting too much PRL cause?

Back 22

Infirtility in males and females

Front 23

Actions of ADH/Vasopressin from posterior pituitary

Back 23

Increase water reabsorption from CD of kidneys. In high concentration it constructs blood vessels to raise BP

Front 24

Actions of OT Oxytocin from posterior pituitary

Back 24

Causes contractions during childbirth for delivery; causes contraction of muscles surrounding mammary gland ducts to help milk release from nipples.

Front 25

What does the Thyroid gland secrete?

Back 25

Thyroxine T4, Tri-iodothyronine T3 secreted by thyroid follicular cells, Calcitonin secreted by C-cells for Ca metabolism.

Front 26

Actions of T3 & T4

Back 26

T3 is 5x more potent. Increases: metabolic rate in most tissues, heat production in body, protein synth and is necessary for normal growth in childhood. Necessary for normal CNS dev for synapse dev and myelination of axons; normal reproductive funxn

Front 27

Actions of Calcitonin

Back 27

Regulates blood Ca and Phosphate levels. Released when blood Ca increases. Lowers blood Ca levels by inhib release of Ca/Phosphate from bones, exceeding excess Ca/Phos in urine, increasing deposition of Ca/Phos in bones.

Front 28

Deficiency of thyroid hormones in fetus or childhood causes:

Back 28

Cretinism. Stunted growth, MR, delayed puberty

Front 29

Deficiency of thyroid hormones as an adult causes:

Back 29

Myxedema. Dry, thick puffy skin, lethargic, slow reflexes, lower body temp, low metabolic rate, low heart rate/BP, intolerance to cold.

Front 30

Excess thyroid hormone secretion in adults causes:

Back 30

Grave's disease. Increased metabolic rate, body temp, sweating, higher heart rate/BP, hyperactive/restless/irritable, bulging eyes, enlarged thyroid (Goiter)

Front 31

Goiter caused by

Back 31

Dietary iodine deficiency so thyroid hormones can't be synth so more TSH from ant. pituitary

Front 32

Parathyroid glands

Back 32

Four. Secrete Parathyroid hor (PTH). PTH increases Ca concentration and decreases Phosphate by acting on bones, kidneys, intestines.

Front 33

Reduced PTH causes:

Back 33

Low blood Ca levels, muscle spasms, cardiac arrythmias, convulsions.

Front 34

Increased PTH secretion causes:

Back 34

Osteoporosis and renal stones

Front 35

Vit D deficiency in kids causes:

Back 35

Rickets

Front 36

What does the adrenal cortex secrete?

Back 36

Steroid hormones synthesized from cholesterol

Front 37

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

Back 37

Catecholamine hormones like (nor)epinephrine

Front 38

Three parts of adrenal gland

Back 38

GFR Zona Granulosa (aldosterone), Fasciculata (cortisol), Reticularis (androgens)

Front 39

What are the actions of epinephrine and norepinephrine similar to?

Back 39

Sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight) but lasts 10x longer since it's in the blood.

Front 40

Actions of Aldosterone

Back 40

Mainly on DCT and CD of kidneys to increase Na reabsorption to reg blood volume, BP, and blood Na concentration. Increases K and H secretion and excretion in urine.

Front 41

Disorders of adrenal gland: Addison's disease

Back 41

Decreased secretion. Low blood Na, blood volume, and BP; muscle weakness. Low blood sugar, difficulty handling stress bc of reduced cortisol.

Front 42

Disorders of adrenal gland: Cushing's syndrome

Back 42

Increased secretion. Muscle wasting, osteoporosis, high blood sugar, BP, poor wound healing, fat deposits in central parts of body (round face, buffalo hump)

Front 43

Hormones of pancreatic islets:

Back 43

Islets of Langerhans. A cells: glucagon, B cells: insulin, D cells: somatostatin, PP cells: pancreatic polypeptide

Front 44

Effects of Insulin

Back 44

Decreases blood sugar levels by aiding in glucose entry into muscle, liver, and fat cells; promotes storage of excess glucose as glycogen in liver and as fats. Promotes entry of AA into cells and increases protein synth. Necessary for normal childhood growth.

Front 45

Effects of glucagon

Back 45

Increases blood sugar. Promotes breakdown of glycogen to glucose. Promotes breakdown of fats to glucose.

Front 46

Diabetes mellitus

Back 46

High blood sugar (hyperglycemia). Glucosuria, dehyd and thirst, muscle weakness and weight loss due to decreased protein synth, excess fat breakdown leading to formation of ketone bodies, delayed wound healing.

Front 47

Type I DM - insulin dependant DM

Back 47

< 30 y.o., heredity, low insulin secretion, autoimmune disease destroys B cells. Some caused by viruses and toxins. Always need insulin

Front 48

Type II DM - Non-insulin dependent DM

Back 48

Older > 40 y.o. Slow onset, no destruction of islet cells = normal insulin levels. Tissues/cells don't respond to insulin. Controlled by diet, weight control, meds, sometimes insulin injections.