Endo 2: 12 Komar Male Repro

Front 1

what is the panpiniform plexus?

Back 1

vascular bundle of the teste

warm arterial blood dissipates heat to the cooler venous blood

helps to maintain scrotal temperature for spermatogenesis b/c if it inc by 3 degrees it may not function correctly

Front 2

Where's hormone and sperm production occur in the male?

Back 2

testes

Front 3

What occurs in the testes?

Back 3

hormone and sperm production

Front 4

What is the function of rete testes and efferent ducts?

Back 4

movement of sperm

Front 5

Where are sperm matured and stored?

Back 5

epididymus

Front 6

What occurs in the epididymus?

Back 6

Maturation and storage of sperm; absorption of fluid, sperm gain motility here

Front 7

What secretes fructose, PGs (prostaglandins), ascorbic/citric acid, and amino acids in the male repro system?
(It also produces 60% of seminal fluid)

Back 7

Seminal vesicles

Front 8

What do the seminal vesicles secrete? 4

Back 8

1. Secretion of fructose
2. PGs (prostaglandins) – semen hits uretus it will help propel it forward
3. ascorbic/citric acid
4. amino acids,
etc. 60% of seminal fluid production.

Front 9

What secretes and stores fluid containing acid phosphatase, amylase, citric acid, and enzymes to liquey semen? (20% of seminal fluid production)

Back 9

the prostate

Front 10

What does the prostate do? 4

Back 10

Secretion / storage of fluid containing
1. acid phosphatase,
2. amylase
3. citric acid; etc.
4. enzymes to liquify semen.

20% of seminal fluid production;

Front 11

What secretes fluid upon arousal to ‘flush’ urethra?

Back 11

bulbourethral
(Cowper’s)
glands

Front 12

What do the bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands do?

Back 12

Secretion of fluid upon arousal to ‘flush’ urethra

Front 13

sperm develop in what structure within the teste?

Back 13

seminiferous tubule (starts in the epithelium and matures until in lumen)

Front 14

what are the 4 stages of spermatogenesis

Back 14

1. spermatogonial proliferation - mitosis

2. meiosis – reduction division (~24 days)

3. spermiogenesis - transformation from round spermatids into spermatozoa

4. spermiation – release into lumen of seminiferous tubule

Front 15

male vs female

synchronous spermatogenesis/oogenesis

Back 15

Males: Synchronous (all the cells are linked and mature at a common rate)

Females: a-synchronous (kind of random as to which oocyte wins out with maturing)

Front 16

please discuss the H-P-Testis axis: GnRH, FSH, and LH.

Back 16

GnRH-->ant pit-->LH/FSH

FSH: Sertoli cells- Inhibin (tuns off FSH)

LH: Leydig cells- Testosterone (regulates GnRH)

Front 17

what hormone is required for the initiation of spermatogenesis? what other effect does this hormone have on spermatogenesis? 3

Back 17

FSH

it also controls the rate of spermatogenesis, has a trophic effect on seminiferous epithelium, and inc sertoli cells.

Front 18

What does GnRH do? 2

Back 18

releases FSH and LH

Front 19

lack of what hormone will lead to atrophy of many the testicular structures?

Back 19

Testosterone

trophic for epididymus, prostate, seminal vesicles
converted to dihydrotestosterone / estradiol
circulates bound to albumin or SHBG

Front 20

what produces inhibin B? what does it do (male) 3

Back 20

produced by Sertoli cells; (-) FSH

marker of testicular function

Front 21

what is the role of estrogen in the teste? 2

Back 21

fluid absorption

prevents blockage of the seminiferous tubule epithelium

Front 22

What hormones cause fluid absorption and prevents blockage of the seminiferous tubule epithelium?

Back 22

estrogen

Front 23

What does LH do in the male repro system? 1

Back 23

inc Leydig cells

Front 24

What hormone inc Leydig cells?

Back 24

LH

Front 25

What hormone is a marker of testicular function?

Back 25

inhibin B

Front 26

What hormone do Sertoli cell produce that dec FSH?

Back 26

Inhibin B

Front 27

What hormone is produced by Sertoli cells, is a marker of testes and inhibited by testosterone?

Back 27

AMH

Front 28

What does AMH do? 3

Back 28

produced by Sertoli cells, is a marker of testes and inhibited by testosterone

Front 29

required for spermatogenesis
(+) Sertoli cells
(-) LH and GnRH
trophic for epididymus, prostate, seminal vesicles
converted to dihydrotestosterone / estradiol
circulates bound to albumin or SHBG

Back 29

testerone

Front 30

What does testerone do? 6

Back 30

1. required for spermatogenesis
2. (+) Sertoli cells
3. (-) LH and GnRH
4. trophic for epididymus, prostate, seminal vesicles
5. converted to dihydrotestosterone / estradiol
6. circulates bound to albumin or SHBG

Front 31

What is AMH produced by? Use? (males)

Back 31

product produced by Sertoli cells; marker of testes

if a person's balls never dropped and you need to find out if they are actually even there, you check AMH. If you see AMH then you have balls, if not....oh welll.

Front 32

What are the pathways of testerone action?

Back 32

Front 33

what makes up the blood testis barrier? Importance?

Back 33

gap junctions connect sertoli cells: forms blood testis barrier, prevents immune response to developing sperm (which might be seen as non-self)

Front 34

what is the importance of androgen binding protein? what produces it?

Back 34

allows testosterone to bind to it and increase the level of testosterone in the epithelium of the seminiferous tubules where spermatogenesis is occurring

produced by: sertoli cells

Front 35

what cell phagocytizes degenerating germ cells?

Back 35

Sertoli cells

Front 36

what cell produces testosterone?

Back 36

Leydig cells

Front 37

What does sertoli cells secrete? 4

Back 37

inhibin
androgen binding protein (ABP)
growth factors
(estradiol)

Front 38

What do leydig cells secrete? 2

Back 38

testosterone, estradiol

Front 39

3 functions of the sertoli cell blood/testis barrier?

Back 39

1. establish osmotic gradient
2. allow for [] of ABP / T
3. basal/adluminal compartment
basal: spermatogonia; preleptotene spermatocytes
adluminal: remaining 1° spermatocytes; 2° spermatocytes; spermatids

Front 40

Some facts about the cycle of seminiferous epithelium. 4

Back 40

--Synchronous development of germ cells during spermatogenesis

--All germ cells developing in a region of the epithelium derived from single stem cell

--Different lengths of time spent in various stages of the spermatogenic process

--Any one region of the seminiferous epithelium provides a snapshot of groups of cells
representing the continuum of the spermatogenic process

Front 41

What characterizes the wave of spermatogenesis? 3

Back 41

1. Regional grouping of germ cells at various developmental stages along epithelium

2. Asynchronous initiation of stem cell development results in temporal variation of the spermatogenic process along the epithelium

3. Always some section of epithelium undergoing spermiation allowing for constant supply of sperm

Front 42

Epididymus actions: 3

Back 42

1. secretes: glycoproteins, sialic acid; glycerophosphocholine
2. maturation
~16 days further condensation of chromatin (histones replaced with protamines) and gain motility
3. storage ~60 +/- days

Front 43

What is capacitation? where does it occur?

*****

Back 43

change in membrane fluidity, metabolism, intracellular [ion], pH,
rendering the spermatazoan fertilization competent

OCCURS IN FEMALE

necessary for acrosome reaction

note: decapatication factors in seminal fluid / epididymus

Front 44

What has to happen for a guy to get a woody?

Back 44

1. NO - endothelium and parasympathetic non-adrenergic-noncholinergic cavernous nerves
2. inc guanylyl cyclase
3. inc cGMP
4. dec Ca and open K channels => smooth m. relaxation and engorgement.
5. the venous system is then closed off so the blood stays there

Front 45

What is emission?

Back 45

deposition of semen in posterior urethra
- entry of semen into bladder blocked by closure of bladder sphincter

thoracolumbar sympathetic induced smooth muscle contraction associated with
epididymis, vas deferens, ampulla, seminal vesicles, prostate
closure of bladder sphincter in response to sympathetic activation

Front 46

What is ejaculation?

Back 46

ejection of semen out urethra

somatic pudental efferents to striated muscles of the pelvic floor and bulbocavernosus
and ischiocavernosus (levator ani) muscles propels semen through urethra

Front 47

What is Andropause?

Back 47

↓ in circulating total serum [testosterone]
values remain within normal range

Leydig cell response to gonadotropins ↓

[inhibin] ↓

↓ Leydig cell number

patchy degeneration of seminiferous epithelium

Front 48

Delayed fatherhood associated with

Back 48

reduced fertility and fecundity of a couple
cerebral palsy
multiple sclerosis
schizophrenia
autism
epilepsy
reduced learning capacity
mental retardation
risk of spontaneous abortion
preeclampsia
stillbirth
childhood cancers
neonatal mortality

Front 49

What is a testicular varicocele?

Back 49

kind of like vericose veins of the ballsack

problem with valves in veins draining the testes

most common in men between 15 and 25 years

seen most on left side of scrotum

may be palpable or observable on gross exam

common cause of male infertility

Front 50

how can obesity effect male fertility?

Back 50

you get FAT BALLS

literally fat in the scrotum that increases the heat of the scrotum thus killing off some spermys

Front 51

What are some causes of Male infertility? 3

Back 51

1. Erectile dysfunction - 1/10 over 40 yo

2. Ejaculatory dysfunction
i. e. Retrograde ejaculation – autonomic dysfunction due to neuropathy such as with diabetes
i. e. Premature ejaculation – nerves with serotonin and 5-HT R regulate speed of ejaculation

3. Sperm/Testicular/Tubule dysfunction
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)