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56 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What condition might lead to peeing on your shoes?
Hypospadia
(abnormal opening of the urethra along the ventral aspect of penis
What conditions are commonly associated with Cryptorchidism (undescended testicles)?
Epispadias Hypospadias Sterility and testicular cancer
What condition is an abnormal lesion on the dorsal surface of the penis?
Epispadia
What is an inflammation of glans penis, which can be generalized, localized, viral induced, fungal infection, bacteria, or INFECTION?
Balanitis
What is an inflammation of the glans penis and prepuce (foreskin)?
Balanoposthitis
(this does not occur in circumcised men)
What is the inability to easily retract the prepuce over the glans penis that can lead to inflammation and infection and is treated with circumcision?
Phimosis
What is this dysplasia that runs throughout all of the layers of the squamous surface covering, presents as a grayish white solitary, plaque-like lesion of the shaft due to increased keritosis and acanthosis (analogous to leukoplakia in the oral cavity) and may progress to SCC?
Bowen Disease
What neoplasm presents as erythematous patches on the glans penis (analogous to erythroplakia in the mouth) More Likely To Become Invasive than Bowen's Disease?
Erythroplasia of Queyrat
What presents as little lumps/bumps that develop, reddish brown papules, HPV lesions of the shaft
Bowenoid Papulosis
What type is the most common type of carcinoma of the penis?
SCC of the glans or Prepuce
-accounts for 0.25% of cancers in men
-pts are most often uncircumsized w/poor hygiene & HPV 16&18+
-treated by penectomy
What is a rare condition where there is no formation of the scrotum, so the testicles do not descend?
Agenesis of the Scrotum
*What is an accumilation of SEROUS fluid within the tunica vaginalis causing scrotal enlargement?
Hydrocele
*What is an accumilation of BLOOD within the tunica vaginalis causing scrotal enlargement?
Hematocele
*What is an accumilation of LYMPH fluid within the tunica vaginalis causing scrotal enlargement?
Chylocele
*What is swelling of the spermatic cord veins causing scrotal enlargement?
Varicocele
*What is the dilated efferent ductile of epididymus causing scrotal enlargement?
Spermatocele
*What is the risk of testicular cancer in patients who have Cryptorchidism?
4x more likely to develop testicular cancer
When should the testicals descend in a normal male?
one year old
What type of testicular inflammation is caused by UTI, STD: Chlamydia, Gonorrhea; System: Tuberculosis?
Epididymitis
What type of Testicular Inflammation is caused by UTI, mumps, tuberculosis, Mumps?
Orchitis
What type of neoplasms account 95% of testicular neoplasms?
Malignant neoplasms
What age ranges are testicular cancers most prevalent?
Malignant Seminoma
What testicular cancer always makes hCG?
Choriocarcinoma
(note: a man with stage III choriocarcinoma is unlikely to survive)
T/F
Spermatocytic seminomas are the same thing as seminomas.
False they have nothing to do with seminomas
What are three of the most frequent malignant testicular neoplasms?
1) Seminoma
2) Embryonal carcinoma
3) Choricarcinoma
What is stage I of testicular neoplasms?
Primary tumor confined to the testes
What is stage II of testicular neoplasms?
Metastasis confined to retroperitoneal nodes below level of diaphragm
What is stage III of testicular neoplasms?
Metastasis beyond retroperitoneal lymph nodes
What does the prognosis of testicular neoplasms depend upon?
The stage and Histologic type

i.e. stage II and Non-seminoma
T/F
There is a very high chance for cure of seminomas.
True
What type of testicular neoplasm has the worse prognosis?
Stage III Non-seminoma
What is the general prognosis for testicular cancer?
Very good (96% survival rate)
What are two different Tumor markers secreted by Germ-cell Neoplasms?
hCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin)
AFP (Alpha-fetoprotein)
Only 10% of Seminomas make any markers. If you are going to find anything it will be ______.
hCG
What protein serves as a marker in liver cancer and testicular cancer?
AFP (Alpha-fetoprotein)
Which tumors ALWAYs make AFP?
Yolk Sac Tumors
Which tumors ALWAYs make hCG?
Choriocarcinomas
T/F
Seminomas may have a good prognosis and an intermediate prognosis, but never have a poor prognosis.
True
HCG and LDH can be at any level but there is NO poor prognosis of SEMINOMAS
What levels do we want our chemical markers at when assessing testicular prognosis of GOOD?
GOOD MARKERS
AFP<1,000
hCG<5,000
LDH<1.5
What are the three tumor markers secreted by germ cell neoplasms?
hCG
AFP
LDH (lactic acid dehydrogenase)
What is the prognosis of a patient with No non-lung spread with AFP=1,000-10,000; hCG=5,000-50,000; and LDH=1.5-10 for Non-seminomas?
Intermediate prognosis
What is the most common cancer in men?
Prostate Cancer
What is the main consequence of having a problem with your prostate gland?
Constricts flow through the urethra, leading to:
-difficulty emptying the bladder
-pressure on kidneys
-ascending bacterial infections causing pyelonephritis
Where does prostate hyperplasia usually occur?
Prostate hyperplasia usually occurs in the central and transitional zones
Where does prostate cancer usually form?
The Peripheral Zone
What neoplasm is swollen, red, and always welcome at Dr. Hirsch's house?
MONKEY BUTT
(wow I am tired of studying)
What is caused by cell replication of epithelial and stromal elements following DHT concentration?
Nodular Hyperplasia
Which cell generates Dihydroxytestosterone in nodular hyperplasia?
The Stromal Cell
T/F
Nodular hyperplasia alone causes increased risk of cancer to the prostate
False
It is not the nodular hyperplasia by itself. It is the nodular hyperplasia + inflammatory atrophy that leads to increased risk of prostate cancer
What leads to increased risk of prostate cancer, involving DHT?
Nodular Hyperplasia & Inflammatory Atrophy
Where does prostate cancer usually occur?
In the periphery of the gland (not in the central peri-urethral zone)
T/F
PSA is a NORMAL expressed protein from prostate cells
True
What could an elevation of PSA indicate?
1) Prostatitis
2) Nodular hyperplasia
3) Prostate Cancer
T/F
PSA >4.0ng/L alone is a good indicator of prostate cancer
False Elevated PSA + another test is necessary
What are some methods of determining prostate cancer?
1) Transrectal Ultrasonography
2) Needle Biopsy
3) Digital Rectal Examination
What is a good indicator of whether or not prostate cancer has metastasized?
Elevation of Acid Phosphatase Levels
(*only found when prostate cancer has extended beyond the capsule or has metastasized*)