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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What hormones does the hypothalamus produce?
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Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) Growth-hormone releasing hromone (GRHR) Gonadotropin releasing hormone Somatostatin These go to the anterior pituitary |
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How does the posterior pituitary gland work? What hormnes does it release?
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Neuroendocrine
Antidiruectic hormone (ADH or vasopressin) Oxytocin |
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Hormones of anterior pituitary
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Growth hormone
Thyroid stimulating hormone FSH and LH Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
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Where is somatostatin released from and what does it do?
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Anterior pituitary
Inhibits GH and TSH from Ant pituitary gland |
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Hormones of the adrenal cortex. How are they stimulated?
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Mineral corticoids (aldosterone)
Glucocorticoids (Cortisol) Androgens (DHEA) Stimulated by ACTH from anterior pituitary |
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Function of aldosterone (mineralcorticoid)
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Released from adrenal cortex
Cause kidney to reabsorb Na+ and thus water to increase BP |
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Function of vasopressin (ADH)
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Released from pos pituitary
Reabsorb water from kidneys |
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Hormones of the thyroid gland
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Triiodthyronine (T3)
Thryroxine (T4) Calcitonin |
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Hormones of the pancreas
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Insulin
Glucagon Somatostatin |
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Function of somatostatin in pancreas
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Acts locally to depress secretion of both insulin and glycogen
Decreases motility and absorption of GI |
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What are type I diabetics especially prone to?
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Ketoacidosis
Ketones are by products of fat metabolism |
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What is Metabolic Syndrome and what are the risk factors assocaited
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Heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes
Abdominal obesity 150 mg/dL or greater TGs HDL < 40 mg/dL BP >130/85 Fasting glucose >110 mg/dL |
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Classic s/s of DM
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hyperglycemia
glycosuria polyuria polydipsia polyphagia (excess hunger) |
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Complications of DM
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Microvascular dx (retinopathy, renal dx)
Macrovascular dx (CVA, MI) MSK impairments (contractures, osteoporosis) NM impairments (stocking and glove distribution, motor weakness) Diabetic autonomic neuropathy (DAN: resting tach, abnormal BP/HR) |
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Diagnosis for DM
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>200 mg/dL "casual" test
100-126 fasting = pre-DM >126 = DM |
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What blood glucose is contraindicated for ex?
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<70 mg/dL
>300 mg/dL |
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s/s of hyperglycemia
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Frequent, scant urination
Dec appetite, n/v, abdominal tenderness Parestehsias Flushed Deep rapid respirations rapid, weak pulse Acetone breath (fruity) Hyperglycemic coma) |
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Ex prescription for DM
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50-80% VO2 max, 3-4x/week, 20-60 min
RT: one set, 10-20 reps, at least 2x/week |
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When should pt eat prior to exercising?
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within 2 hours of eating
Don't ex if they haven't eaten in last 2 hours |
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Ex and DM with:
CV disease Retinopathy Nueropathy Autonomic neuropathy Nephropathy |
CV dx: use RPE
Retinopathy: avoid activites that inc BP >170, no pounding or jarring Neuropathy: limit WB ex due to balance isues Autonomic: monitor for s/s of silent ischemia due to pt's inability to perceive angina Nephropathy: low to mod intensities |
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ACSM guidelines for ex of obese pt
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Start moderate: 40-60% HRR
5-7 days/week 45-60 minutes/day |
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Etiology of hypothyoridism
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(diagnosed based on inc TSH)
Atrophy of thyroid gland Hashimoto's dx (autoimmune) |
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symptoms of hypothyroidism?
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Weight gain
Mental/physical lethargy Low BP Goiter Myxedema: swlling of hands, feet, face that can lead to coma and death |
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Ex considerations for hypothyroidism
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Ex intolerance
Weakness and apathy Ex-induced malgia Reduced CO Pt often has cold intolerance, peripheral neuropathy, and proximal weakness |
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Disease of hyperthroidism
s/s |
Grave's
nervousness, hyperreflexia, tremor, hunger, weight loss, fatigue, palpiatations, tachycardia Antithryoid durgs or radioactive iodine |
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ex considerations for Grave's
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ex intolerance
fatigue is associated with hypermetaboic state Heat intolerance and dypsnea common |
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Disease of adrenal insufficiency
etiology |
Addison's disease
autoimmune, infection, neoplasm, hemorrhage Dec cortisol and aldosterone |
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S/s of adrenal insufficiency (addison's)
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Bronze pigmentation of skin
Weakness, dec'd enduance Anorexia, dehydration, weight loss Anxiety, depression |
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secondary adrenal insufficiency
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prolonged steroid therapy and adrenal glands no longer make them
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What is Cushing's dx? cause?
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Overproduction of cortisol
Drug toxicity (cortisol) or pituitary tumor |
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s/s of Cushing's disese
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Round moon face
Rapid inc in obesity (buffalo hump and central obesity) mm atrophy Edema Hypokalemia Emotional changes |
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Kubler-Ross stages of dying
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Denial
Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance |
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Hyperparathyroidism
Ca and ph levels S/s |
Inc Ca, Dec Ph
Proximal weakness Fatigue/drowsiness Arthralgia/myalgia Osteopenia Gout Stock and glove parasethia |
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Hypoparathyroidism
Ca and Ph S/s |
Dec Ca and inc Ph
Neck stiffness Muscle cramps Skeletal mm twitching Arrhythmias Parestehsias Chvostek's sign (twitching of facial mm with tapping of facial nerve) |
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#s for hypo vs hyperglycemia
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hypo <50
Hyper >180 |
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common MSK pathologies associated with DM
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Charcot foot
Periarthritis (bilateral hands/shoulder) CTS Flxor tenosynovitis Dupuytren's contracture CRPS |
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Insulin and feeding related to exercise
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Do not inject 2-4 hrs prior to ex
Dec insulin injectio by 30% before and after ex Inject into a non-ex limb Ex 1 hr after feeding <70 = give CHO snack >250 = NO EX |
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What is hemochromatosis?
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Excessive absorption of iron by SI
Causes organ damage Arhtopathy commong |
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What is Paget's disease?
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Excessive bone resorption cuasing bone that is larger, less compact, more vascular, and more susceptible to fractures
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What blood levels would indicate dehydration?
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BUN
Hematocrit (diarrhea, vomiting, sweating) |
