Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
hearing challenges
|
Generally classified into two types: conductive and sensorineural deafness. S&S of hearing impairment include poor pronuciation of words, and difficulty hearing.
|
44.4
|
|
|
Conductive deafness
|
A usually curable temporary condition caused by an injury to the eardrum, an infection, or simple build up of earwax.
|
44.4
|
|
|
Sensorineural deafness
|
Permanent hearing loss, may be caused by a lesion or damage to the inner ear, or damage to the eighth cranial nerve.
|
44.4
|
|
|
Ways to enhance communication with the hearing impaired pt
|
Speak slowly and distinctly into a less impair ear, consider positioning yourself on the side with the "good ear." Change speakers to lower tone. Provide pen and paper.
|
44.4-5
|
|
|
Dysarthria
|
The inability to make speech sounds correctly. Cause by lack of muscle control and coordination of the larynx, tongue, mouth, and lips. Slurred, slow, or nasal sound.
|
44.6
|
|
|
Aphasia
|
The loss of ability to communicate in speech, writing, or signs. Can range from mild to severe aphasia.
|
44.6
|
|
|
Communication techniques with the aphasic pt
|
Remember to talk to the pt as an adult, use focused questions, rather than open-ended questions, and minimized background noise.
|
44.6
|
|
|
Causes of increase stuttering
|
May become worse under stress. If your are impatient with the pt, the pt may become frustrated and the stuttering gets worse, making the assessment and history difficult.
|
44.6
|
|
|
Voice production Disorders
|
Disorders of the way the voice sounds and may be slightly easier to understand than other speech impairments. Signs of this disorder include hoarseness, harshness, inappropriate pitch, or abnormal nasal resonance. Cause by closure of the vocal cords, hormonal or psych, or severe hearing loss.
|
44.7
|
|
|
Causes of hypernasality
|
May be a complication of a cleft palate, a deformity in which the two sides of the palate fail to fuse in utero. Also cause by enlarged adenoids.
|
44.7 and powerslides
|
|
|
Presentation of laryngectomy pt
|
The removal of part or all of the larynx often remove b/c of cancer. If total removal pt would be aphonia, inability to produce normal sound. This pt would receive a stoma, and might communicate by burping sounds or by using an electronic or mechanical device.
|
44.7
|
|
|
Considerations when entering the residence of a visually impaired pt
|
Make yourself known when you enter the room, and introduce yourself and others in the room or have them introduce themselves to that the pt can identify their placement and voice. Retrieve any visual aids.
|
44.7
|
|
|
Considerations when moving a visually impaired pt
|
Tells the pt what is happening, identify noises, and describe situation. Pt may be able to safely ambulate with a cane or a walker. Don't forget to take cane or walker to the hospital.
|
44.7-8
|
|
|
Characteristics of paralyzed pts
|
Paralysis is the inability to voluntarily move one or more body parts. May be cause by CVA, trauma, birth defect, etc. Does not always include lost of sensation.
|
44.8
|
|
|
Hemiplegia
|
Paralysis of one side of the body, often from CVA or head injury.
|
44.8
|
|
|
Paraplegia
|
Paralysis of the lower part of the body, possibly from thoracic or lumbar spinal injury or spina bifida.
|
44.8
|
|
|
Quadriplegia
|
Paralysis of all four extremities and the trunk, possibly from a cervical spine injury.
|
44.8
|
|
|
Dysphagia
|
A partial paralysis of the esophagus, and causes an inability to swallow. Increase risk for choking and aspiration.
|
44.8
|
|
|
Causes of obesity
|
The result of an imbalance between foot eaten and calories used. Many causes are unknown and not fully understood. Often attribute to low basal metabolic rate or genetic predispostion.
|
44.8
|
|
|
The term obese is used when someone is:
|
20 to 30% over ideal weight.
|
44.8
|
|
|
The term morbid obesity is used for:
|
50 to 100 lbs over ideal weight,
|
44.8
|
|
|
Pickwickian syndrome
|
Also called hypoventilation syndrome. The experience hypoxemia (deficient oxygenation of the blood), hypercapnia (excess carbon dioxide in the blood), and polycythemia (overabundance or production of RBCs). Physical findings maybe headache, apnea (especially sleep apnea), sleepiness, red face, muscle twitching, and signs of right-sided heart failure.
|
44.9
|
|
|
Mental illness
|
A generic term for a variety of illnesses that result in emotional, cognitive, or behavorial dysfunction. Includes bipolar, depression, schizophrenia, and drug or alcohol abuse.
|
44.9
|
|
|
Developmental disability (mental retardation)
|
Insufficient development of the brain resulting in the inability to learn and socially adapt at the usual rate. May be caused by genetics, congenital infections, birth defects or complications, malnutrition, or environmental factors.
|
44.10
|
|
|
Interaction and assessment of the developmentally disabled pt
|
Speak with pt and family members. They are prone to the same disease processes as everyone else. Provide supportive care, and avoid stress.
|
44.10
|
|
|
Down syndrome and the chromosomal cause
|
Characterized by a genetic chromosomal defect that can occur during fetal development, resulting in milid to severe mental retardation. The normal human somatic cell contains 23 chromosomes. Down syndrome, which is also known as trisomy 21, occurs when chromosome 21 fails to separate, so that the ovum contains 24 chromosomes. When the ovum is fertilized by a normal sperm with 23 chromosomes, a triplication ("trisomy") of chromosomes 21 occurs.
|
44.10
|
|
|
Risk factors for Down syndrom
|
Increase maternal age (over 35 years old) and a family history are the only known risk factors.
|
44.10
|
|
|
Anatomical characteristics of the Down syndrome pt
|
A round head with a flat occipital; an enlarged protruding tongue; slanted, wide-set eyes and folded skin on either side of nose, covering the inner corners of the eye; short, wide hands; a small face and features; congenital heart defects; thyroid problems; and hearing and vision problems. Usually don't have all these s&s but a combo.
|
44.10
|
|
|
Prevalence of congenital heart disease in the Down syndrome pt
|
2/3 of children born with Down syndrome have congenital heart disease. Emergency tx usually consist of airway, oxygen, and IV access.
|
44.10
|
|
|
Cancer
|
Simply stated, cancer is the uncontrolled overgrowth of normal tissue cells. If left unchecked, these cells may spread, destroy body systems, and kill.
|
44.12
|
|
|
Arthritis
|
A joint inflammation that causes pain, swelling, stiffness, and decreased rage of motion, all of which leave pt vulnerable to falls.
|
44.12
|
|
|
osteoarthritis
|
A degenerative joint disease associated with aging.
|
44.12
|
|
|
rheumatoid arthritis
|
An autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation and destruction of the joints and connectives tissues.
|
44.12
|
|
|
Cerebral palsy
|
A nonprogressive, bilateral neuromuscular disorder in which voluntary muscles are poorly controlled. It results from a developmental brain defect in utero, brain trauma at birth or early childhood, or postpartum infections.
|
44.12
|
|
|
Symptoms and related complications of cerebral palsy
|
Pts often have spastic movements of their limbs and poor posture. Related complications include visual impairments, hearing and language difficulties, seizures, and mental retardation. Often they live near-normal lives and live independently due to technologies adapting. 75% have MR but not all.
|
44.13
|
|
|
ataxia
|
Loss of coordination of the muscles, esp. of the extremities
|
dictionary.com
|
|
|
Definition of Cystic Fibrosis
|
A chronic dysfunction of the endocrine system that targets multiple body systems, primarily the respiratory and digestive system. Usually fatal, children often don't live past teen years. (May require breathing txs from EMS)
|
44.13
|
|
|
Cause of Cystic Fibrosis
|
A defective gene, which makes it difficult for chloride to move through cells. This causes unusually high sodium loss (resulting in salty skin) and abnormally thick mucus secretions. This mucus in to lungs may make breathing difficult and provide an ideal environment for bacteria.
|
44.13
|
|
|
Multiple sclerosis
|
A chronic disease of the central nervous system characterized by destruction of the myelin and nerve axons within the brain and spinal cord. No known cause, but is an autoimmune disorder, may be genetic. More common in women in 20s to 40s.
|
44.13
|
|
|
S&S of multiple sclerosis
|
Relapsing/remitting form, which effect 90% of pts, presents with bouts of worsening symptoms including numbness or tingling in parts of the body, unexplained weakness, dizziness, fatigue, double or blurry vision, and vision impairment.
Progressive form (other ~10% of pts with MS), in which symptoms get progressively worse with no periods of improvement or relief. Relapsing/remitting often progresses in to progressive form within 15 years. |
44.13
|
|
|
Tx for multiple sclerosis
|
No cure, but treatment can significantly reduce frequency and strength of attacks.
|
44.13
|
|
|
Muscular dystrophy
|
An inherited muscular disease that causes degeneration of the muscle fibers. The result is gradual weakening of muscles, slowing of motor development, and loss of muscle contractility. More than 30 types. Often strikes during late teens into the 40s.
|
44.14
|
|
|
Primary cause of death in the Muscular Dystrophy pt
|
Pulmonary or cardiac complications
|
44.14
|
|
|
Poliomyelitis
|
Also known as polio, is a highly contagious viral infection. Uncommon now days in the US since a vaccine release in 1955. Humans are the only know carrier. Causes paralysis or death, although presents mildly as malaise, sore throat, headache, vomiting, and fever.
|
44.14
|
|
|
Characteristics of Spina Bifida
|
Most common permanently disabling birth defect. The fetus's spinal column does not close properly or completely and vertebrae do not develop, leaving a portion of the spinal cord expose. Taking vit B folic acid reduces risk (prenatal vit). May cause partial or full paralysis, bladder or bwel control difficulties, learning disabilitys, and latex allergy.
-70 to 90% develop hydrocephalus, an increase in the amount of cerebral spinal fluid resulting in ICP. Often shuts are place to release this pressure. |
44.15
|
|
|
Assessment of the pt with a previous brain injury
|
Take time to gather complete history, speak with family/friends to find out what is normal for this pt keeping in mind cognitive, sensory, communication, motor, behavioral, or psychological deficits.
|
44.15
|
|
|
cognitive
|
Pertaining to the mental processes of perception, memory, judgment, and reasoning, as contrasted with emotional and volitional processes.
|
dictionary.com
|
|
|
Myathenia gravis
|
An abnormal condition characterized by chronic fatigability and weakness or muscles, especially in the face and throat. Cause by a defect in the conduction of nerve impulses at the nerve junction, caused by a lack of acetylcholine. Commonly found in women younger than 40 and men older than 60. The first symptoms usually present as weakness of the eye or eyelid movement.
|
44.15
|
|
|
How voice pitch can affect communication with the hearing impaired
|
~80% of hearing loss is related to inability to hear high-pitced sounds, look for team member with lower-pitched voice.
|
44.5
|
|
|
Treatment considerations for the Myasthenia Gravis pt
|
A crisis may occur if the pt's respiratory muscles are damaged by infection, stress, or side effects of medications. Intervene immediately with airway management, ventilatory support, and possible intubation.
|
44.15
|
|
|
Signs of impending death include:
|
decreased intake of food and drink, decrease orientation, irregular breathing patterns, and bardy or tachycardia.
|
44.16
|
|
|
Outwards signs of communicable disease
|
Rashes, coughing, ill appearance, health history, and medications. Offer a immunocompromised pts (ie AIDS) if they want a mask to protect themselves from exposure to illness.
|
44.175
|
