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62 Cards in this Set

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List the 6 rights:
Rt pt
Rt dose
Rt route
Rt time
Rt med ALLERGIES?
Rt documentation
7.3
pharmacology
The study of medications and their effects or actions on the body.
7.3
medication
A drug that has been approved by the government agency that regulates pharmaceuticals for the purpose of curing or reducing the symptoms of an illness or medical condition or to assist in the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of disease.
7.5
What government agency regulates pharmaceuticals in the US?
FDA Food and Drug Administration
7.5
generic drug
A drug that is not patented.
7.36
All medications are assign ___ names:
4 names
chemical, generic, trade, and official
7.5
chemical name
Describes the drug's chemical makeup-that is, its composition and molecular structure.
7.5
generic name
A general name for a drug. Usually by the company that first made it. Generally derived from the chemical name but is shorter and simpler.
7.5
trade name
Also known as brand name The unique name under which the original manufacturer registers the new drug with the FDA.
7.5
official name
The name listed in the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) once the generic name has been approved by the US Adopted Name Council and the drug has been approved the the US FDA.
7.37
The drugs we use are derived from four principal sources:
animal, vegetable, mineral, synthetic compounds
7.5
The Pure Food Act
(1906) The first federal legislation in the US aimed at protecting the public from mislabeled, poisonous, or otherwise harmful foods, medications, and alcoholic beverages. Later replace in 1938 by The Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act which included several new provisions.
7.6
Drug Abuse Potential
In 1970, Congress enacted the Controlled Substances Act requiring the drugs covered by the Controlled Substance Act to be categories.
Schedule I: Highest potential, in general completely outlawed.
Schedule II: Very high potential.
Schedule III: Lower potential than I and II, may lead to low or moderate physical dependence or high psychologic dependence.
Schedule IV: Low potential and have limited dependence potential.
Schedule V: Lowest potential.
7.7
The FDA responsibility
Food and Drug Administration is charged with determining the safety and efficacy of drugs before they are allowed to enter the US market.
7.8
The DEA responsibility
Drug Enforcement Agency is responsible for executing the provisions of the Controlled Substance Act, including the registration of physicians who are permitted to dispense controlled substances.
7.8
The Public Health Service regulates...
biologic produces, medications made from living organisms such as antitoxins and vaccines.
7.8
The FTC monitors
Federal Trade Commission monitors drug advertising and ensures that is not misleading or inappropriate.
7.8
afferent nerves
Carry sensory impulses from all parts of the body to the brain.
7.11
efferent nerves
Carry messages from the brain to the muscles and all other organs of the body.
7.11
What are the two divisions of the PNS?
Somatic and ANS-automatic nervous system
7.12
ganglia
Grouping of nerve cell bodies outside located in PNS.

ie. Bus station, relay station
7.12
What are the two subsystems of the ANS?
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
7.12
sympathetic nervous system
The part of the ANS responsible for fight and flight response. Plays a key role in regulation of hypoglycemia, hypothermia, and trauma.
7.12
Actions of the sympathetic nervous system
Increase HR
Increase BP
Release of energy
Increase blood flow to skeletal muscles and heart by diverting it from skin and other organs.
Dilation of pupils
Dilation of bronchioles
7.12
What is the net goal of the sympathetic stimulation?
To provide the body with energy, oxygen, and the ability to react to stressful situations.
7.12
What is the primary chemical messengers of the sympathetic nervous system?
norepinephrine and epinephrine
7.12
Epinephrine affect of the heart
Activates a specific type of receptor in the heart known bete-1 adrenergic receptor. Epinephrine affects the heart by increasing the rate of contraction, the conduction velocity, and force of contraction in the ventricular muscle. The result: increased systemic HR and BP.
7.12
When you administer epinephrine the effect is referred to as what?
Sympathomimetic response
Effects resembling those caused by stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, such as the effects seen after an injection of epinephrine.
7.13
parasympathetic nervous system
The part of the ANS that dominates during rest and relaxation, referred to as rest-and-digest system.
7.13
Neurotransmission
The process of chemical signaling between cells.
7.13
Nicotinic Receptors
Nicotinic receptors are present in many tissues including CNS and PNS. Effects are those of sympathetic overactivity and neuromuscular dysfunction and include tachycardia, hypertension, dilated pupils, muscle fasciculation (involuntary contractions or twitching of groups of muscle fibers), and muscle weakness.
7.14
Muscarinic Receptors
Muscarinic receptors are found throught the body as subcomponents of the CNS and PNS. Effects result in parasympathetic overactivity and include bradycardia, miosis (pinpoint pupils), sweating, blurred vision, excessive lacrimation (tearing), excessive bronchial aecretions, wheezing, shortness of breath, coughing, vomiting, abdominal cramping, diarrhea, and urinary and fecal incontinence.
7.14
affinity
The attraction between a medication and its receptors.
7.14
agonist
A medication that stimulates a response in a receptor site.
7.14
List liquid drug forms
Solution, suspension, fluid extract, tincture, spirits, syrup, elixir, milk, emulsion, and liniments.
7.15
solutions
A liquid containing one or more chemical subtances entirely dissolved usually in water, ie NS. Majority of medications used by paramedics are solutions.
7.15
suspension
Preparation of finely divided drug intended to be incorporated in a suitable liquid. Shake suspension thoroughly.
7.15
List solid drug forms
Extract, powder, pill, capsule, pulvule (gell capsule), tablet, suppository, ointment, and patch.
17.15
Extract
A concentrated preparation of a drug made by putting the drug into a solution and evaporating the excess solvent until the concentration reaches a prescribed standard.
17.15
Fastest to slowest med routes
Intracardiac 15 seconds
IV 30 to 60 seconds
IO 1 minute
Endotracheal 2-3 minutes
Inhaled 2-3 minutes
Sublingual 3-5 minutes
IM 10-20 minutes
SC 15-30 minutes
Rectal 5-30 minutes
Oral 30-90 minutes
Topical Hours to days
7.16
What are the three routes of administration?
-Percutaneous-absorbed through the skin, includes SL, buccal, and pulmonary route.
-Enteral-Absorbed through GI tract.
-Parenteral-Any other route other than skin, or GI tract, includes IV, IM, SC,
7.16-17
Pharmacokinetics
The study of the metabolism and action of medications within the body, with particular emphasis on the time required for absorption duration of action, distribution in the body, and method of excretion.
7.18
Mechanisms of Medication Absorption
A medication may cross the cell's membrane through active transport or passive diffusion. In active transport, specialized proteins that span to the membrane of a cell facilitate the movement of the medication inside target tissues and cells. In contrast, passive diffusion of a medication does not use energy or carrier, instead the medication moves from a area of high to an area of low concentration.
7.19
bioavailability
How much of a drug is still active by the time it reaches its target organ.
7.19
medication distribution
The process by which a medication moves throughout the body.
7.19
biotransformation
The manner in which the body metabolizes medications.
7.20
Pharmacodynamics
The way in which a medication produces the response we intended, also known as the mechanism of action. It also encompasses the factors that may alter the intended response and any side effects or unexpected effects.
7.21
Medications cause their action on the body by four mechanisms:
-They may bind to a receptor site.
-They may change the physical properties of cells-typically, by changing the osmotic balance.
-They may chemically combine with other chemicals.
-They may alter a normal metabolic pathway.
7.21
Bonding to receptor sites may be...
agonist, or antagonist. Agonist stimulate the receptor site to cause the response it normally does. Antagonist block the receptor site inhibiting the normal response. Some medications do both.
7.21
therapeutic index
The ratio of a drug's lethal dose for 50% of population (LD50) to its effective dose for 50% of population (ED50). The medications margin of safety.
7.21
List factors affecting drug response
Age, weight, sex, environment, time of administration, condition of the pt, genetic factors, and psychologic factors.
7.22
side effects
Reactions that can manifest as signs or symptoms that are not what we wanted to happen but neverless are expected based on how the medication works.
7.22
iatrogenic response
An adverse condition inadvertently induced in a pt by the treatment given. Ie. foley causing UTI.
7.22
idiosyncrasy
Unique response to a medication that is specific to that person, and is not seen in other pts.
7.22
tachyphylaxis
A condition in which the pt becomes rapidly tolerant to a medication.
7.22
summation effect
An additive effect.
7.23
synergism
When the pt receives two drugs that have the same effect but produces a response greater than the sum of their individual responses.
7.23
potentiation
The interaction between two medications that can cause one drug to enhance another.
7.23
interference
A direct biochemical interaction that takes place between two drugs.
7.23
Medications can be alter in storage by...
extreme temperatures, exposure to direct sunlight, or excessive humidity.
7.23
In general medications should be store:
Out of direct sunlight and in temperatures between 55 degrees F and 85 degrees F.
7.23
When drugs are distributed they must include what according the federal law?
Drug profile, a document that contains all information pertaining to the medication pertaining to the medication including name, classification, mechanism of action, indications, pharmacokinetics, side and adverse effects, routes of administration, drug forms, doses, contraindications, and special considerations.
7.23-24