Biology Nervous System

Front 1

What are the key differences between neuronal and hormonal communication?

Back 1

Neuronal∼∼∼∼∼∼Hormonal
--------------------------------------
rapid∼∼∼∼∼∼∼∼slow
direct∼∼∼∼∼∼∼∼spread
specific∼∼∼∼∼∼∼affects cells differently

Front 2

What is the functional unit of the nervous system?

Back 2

Neuron

Front 3

What chemical are neurons most dependent on for energy?

Back 3

Glucose

Note:
Although glucose is the primary source of energy, it does not require insulin to move glucose into the neuron.

Front 4

Which side of the neuron receives the signal? Which region of the cell processes the information? Which region of the cell transmits the processed information?

Back 4

dendrites - receives

cell body - processes

Axon to synapse - transmits

Front 5

Explain how the resting potential of a cell membrane is achieved.

Back 5

During the resting potential, a neuron is passively diffusion ions in and out between the cell membrane. The Na/K pump is also actively pumping out 3 Na ions from the cell and pumping in 2 K ions into the cells. The membrane will achieve equilibrium when most of the (+) charge is outside the cell and the inside of the cell is (-). This is the resting potential.

Front 6

Explain how the action potential is activated once resting potential is established.

Back 6

When resting potential is established (+ outside, - inside) an electric field is formed large enough to activate voltage gated Na channels on the membrane. The voltage gated channels open and Na is allowed to flow in creating a positive feedback mechanism to open more Na channels. When enough Na rushes in, the cell is now more (+) inside and voltage gated K channels are activated as Na closes. K flows out making the cell more negative. K channels close and passive diffusion takes over again to generate the resting potential.

Front 7

Where does the action potential originate from?

Back 7

axon hillock

Front 8

During which period does a neuron receiving a strong stimulus no longer produce an action potential?

Back 8

Absolute refractory period

Front 9

Which period can an action potential occur even during hyperpolarization?

Back 9

Relative refractory period

Front 10

What are 2 types of synapses used in the nervous system?

Back 10

Electrical synapse

Chemical synapse

Front 11

Explain how chemical synapses work.

Back 11

A chemical synapse is composed of a Pre-SN and a Post-SN. The Pre-SN is filled with neurotransmitters vesicles. When an AP arrives, Ca voltage gated channels are activated causing an influx of Ca into the cell. This influx allows for the exocytotic release of the NT into the synaptic cleft. The NT diffuse via brownian motion to the Post-SN and attaches to receptor proteins.The NT will bind shortly and fall back into the cleft. The NT may be destroy, diffused away, or actively transported back to the Pre-SN.

Front 12

If neurotransmitter A activates a 2nd messenger system on a post-synaptic neuron, what may potentially happen if a protein that degrades NT-A is inhibited by a toxin?

Back 12

If the protein is inhibited, NT-A may potentially repeatedly stimulate the 2nd messenger system over and over until inhibition is released or NT-A diffuses out of the cleft.

Front 13

What is the slowest step of a chemical synapse?

Back 13

The step where signal is transmitted from one cell to another.
(Synaptic cleft)

Front 14

What type of support cells insulate axons with myelin in the CNS? What about the PNS?

Back 14

Oligodendrocytes - CNS
Schwann Cells - PNS

Front 15

What color are the myelinated axons?

Back 15

White

This is why it is called white matter. White matter have myelinated sheaths so action potential is faster.

Front 16

How are these types of neurons different?

Sensory (afferent) neuron

Interneurons

Motor neurons (efferent) neurons

Back 16

Sensory (afferent) neuron - receive signals from a receptor cell that interacts with the environment

Interneurons - transfers signal from neuron to neuron

Motor neurons (efferent) neurons - sends a signal to a muscle or gland called the effector
(Think efferent signals effector)
Mnemonic:
SAME DAVE

Front 17

What are the 2 types of the PNS?

Back 17

Somatic NS

Autonomic NS

Front 18

What type of neurotransmitters does the Somatic NS use?

Back 18

Acetylcholine - Somatic NS

Front 19

The motor functions of the somatic nervous system is controlled ___________ while the motor functions of the autonomic nervous system is controlled ______________.

Back 19

voluntary

involuntary

Front 20

A lion is chasing the hunter. What can be expected of the hunters pupil, heart rate, digestive blood vessels, and skeletal blood vessels.

Back 20

Pupils dilate (better to see! more light)

heart rate increase (more oxygen!)

digestive blood vessels constrict (No time to eat!)

skeletal blood vessels dilate (gotta run! more oxygen)

Notice: The point is to run away!!
Fight or Flight Response

Front 21

The hunter managed to kill the lion for dinner. What part of the ANS is taking over. What physiological changes may be expected?

Back 21

Pupils constrict

Heart Rate decreases

Digestive blood vessels dilate

Salivation increases

Note: Its time to relax and recover
Rest and Digest

Front 22

All preganglionic and postganglionic neurons release acetylecholine except for _____________. Which NT is released from this neuron?

Back 22

Sympathetic postganglionic neurons

Norepinephrine or epinephrine
aka adrenaline/noradrenaline

Front 23

Which portion of the brain controls the ANS?

Back 23

Hypothalamus

Front 24

Which region of the brain is used to store memory and thought processes?

Back 24

Cerebral cortex or cerebrum

Front 25

What type of lens is found in the human eye?

Back 25

Converging lense

Front 26

When does the rod cell depolarize?
When does the rod cell hyperpolarize?

Back 26

in the dark
in the light

Front 27

In the dark, the _____________ nervous system ________ the radial muscles of the iris _______________ the pupil allowing more light to enter the eye.

Back 27

sympathetic

contracts

dilating

Front 28

In the light, the __________ nervous system ___________ the circular muscles of the iris ________ the pupil to block out light.

Back 28

Parasympathetic

Contracts

constricting

Front 29

Which cells in the retina cannot distinguish colors?
Which can distinguish colors?

Back 29

Rods

Cones

Notes:
C for colors!

Front 30

What are the 3 parts of the ear?

Back 30

Outer ear

middle ear

Inner ear

Front 31

What are the 3 bones of the middle ear?

Back 31

Staples → malleus → Incus

Front 32

What are the semicircular canals responsible for?

Back 32

balance

Front 33

What are the 4 primary taste sensations?

Back 33

bitter
sour
salty
sweet