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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Minority Groups
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Group with less power, not less numbers
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Ethnic Groups
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People who share similar culture/environment
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Racial Groups
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people who share similar biological traits
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Sex
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biological status of male/female
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Gender
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behaviors learned in the environment about being male/female
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Socioeconomic Status (SES)
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Educational level + occupation of family members
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Disability
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being unable to perform some behavior, task, or skill
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Prejudice Feelings
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rigid + irrational generalizations about a group or category of people
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Confirmation Bias
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the tendency for people to seek evidence that confirms what they already believe
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Belief Perseverance
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the tendency to hold on to our beliefs even in the face of contradictory evidence.
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Discrimination
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treating students differently based on prejudice feelings or biased beliefs
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Sample
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A smaller set of individuals froma population of interest
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Random Sample
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every person in the population of interest has an equal chance of being included
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Volunteer bias
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tendency for those who choose to participate in research studies to differ in some way from others who decline to participate
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Descriptive designs
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provide basic info about variables in a population w/o making connections between behaviors, events, or conditions
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Correlational designs
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moves beyond description by making connection between variables
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Experimental designs
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used to establish cause + effect relationships between variables
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Quasi-experimental designs
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used to infer cause + effect relationships w/o random assignment of ind. or groups
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assessment
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any + all procedures that are used to collect info + make inferences or judgements about an ind. or program
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Formatative assess
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enable teachers to plan for instruction + monitor student progress throughout a grading period
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Summative assess
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ass student achievement at the end of an instructional unit
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standard achievement test
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assess current knowledge and are used to identify strengths + weaknesses of ind. students and school districts. PRAIRIE STATE
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standard aptitude test
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asses future potential in a general or specific domain. ACT, SAT
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career of educational interest inventories
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asses ind. preferences towards certain types of activities.
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personality test
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asses ind. characteristics, interests, attitudes, values, and patterns of behavior
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Criterion-referenced test
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scores determines by a preset criterion. determines if student is below, meets, or succeeds
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Norm-referenced test
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scores determined by a group of similar test takers. I.E. same grade, race, gender.
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central tendency
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mean, median, mode
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variability
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how widely scores are distributed
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Standard deviation (SD)
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degree of variability in a group of scores.
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Normal Distribution
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bell curve. Mean, median, mode are equal and at the mid-point.
68% of scores are w/in 1 SD. 95% of scores are w/in 2 SD. |
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Raw score
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number or percent of correct answers
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percentile scores
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listing all raw scores highest to lowest and assigning a percentile to each score.
Mean = 50th percentile |
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Grade-Equivalent scores
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based on median score. describes if student is + grade levels, same grade level, or - grade levels.
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Validity
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extent to which an assessment actually measures what it is intended to. (Based on test score)
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Reliability
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Probability that a student receives same score twice.
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High stakes test
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tests that have significant consequences for students, teachers, administrators, and schools.
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Elementary + Secondary Educational ACT
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1965, Says US is lagging behind academically
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NCLB
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2002, 95% of all students in each subgroup are required to take the test. If school does not make AYP for 2 yrs, student can go to a dif public school.
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Test Preparation
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teachers may provide students with previously used tests or expose them to actual test questions.
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Test bias
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systematic error in a test score that may or may not be b/c of cultural variations.
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Charles Spearman
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2 factor theory of intelligence. "g" overall generality, "s" subgroup.
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Carrol + Horn
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"g" general.
General fluid intelligence is abilities that allow us to reason, think, and learn new things |
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Gardners 8 theories of multiple intelligence
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1. Linguistic
2. Logical/Mathematical 3. Spatial (higher for men) 4. Bodily/Kinesthetic 5. Musical 6. Interpersonal (perceiving emotions others --> you) 7. Intrapersonal (you --> others) 8. Naturalistic |
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Sternberg
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intelligence is one's ability to succeed in life. people have different abilities. successful people balance strengths and weaknesses.
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Sternberg- analytical abilities
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identifying a problem, choosing a strategy to solve it, and monitoring the outcome
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Sternberg- creativie abilities
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generating new ideas to solve problems
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Sternberg- practical abilities
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applying knowledge to real-life contexts.
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Flynn Effect
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IQ scores have increase over successive generations throughout the world.
*better nutrition *increased schooling *fewer childhood diseases *improved parent-child interactions. |
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4 diversity characteristics
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1. ethnicity/race
2. Sex/gender 3. SES 4. disabilities |
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science of Ed. Psych
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involves formulating theories + conducting research on those theories.
i.e. tanning beds get highest carcinogenic rating. Exercise does not help you lose weight. |
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How to determine if Reasearch studies benefiting teaching
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NO- newspapers, magazines, internet search engines.
YES- peer reviewed articles, University library, websites of professional associations. (AERA, APA) |
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Different types of research designs and purpose
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descriptive- case studies (individual), ethnographic study (group)
correlational- CANNOT determine cause + effect. CAN identify relationships between variables experimental- cause + effect. Ind var-has effect, dep var- outcome quasi-exp- infer C + E. cross sectional examines samples from various groups to compare behaviors, longitudinal (good studies) examine same sample repeatedly to obtain info about changes over time |
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4 guiding principles of NCLB
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1. accountability- annual testing grades 3-8: reading, math, science.
2. expanded parental choice- title 1 schools fail to make AYP 2 yrs, students can go to dif public school. 3. expanded local control + flexibility- flexibility in use of federal funds 4. Reading first- 6yr grants to ensure student can read by 3rd grade. |
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Problems with NCLB
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-numorous inconsistencies between states
-funding -test score pollution |
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1. Negative outcomes High-stakes testing + 2. causes of test score pollution
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1. curriculum narrows, students can fail out if they don't meet, teaching to the test, scores determine job status and graduation
2. teachers bubbling in answers or fixing bubbles. teachers exposing students to actual test prior to taking it, extended time limits, cheating, test anxiety/motivation. |
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At-risk students
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-mother w/ less than high school education
-family using food stamps or other forms of welfare -a single-parent household -home where the parents' primary language is not English |
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accommodations for at-risk students
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presentation format- different directions, assistive devices, LEP English translation
Response format- the format of responding to questions and providing answers may be altered Timing + scheduling- more time, or more sessions, not unlimited time though. Setting- special setting, separate room, or desk. |
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Test fairness
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how to use tests appropriately
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Test bias
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systematic error in a test score
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classic view of intelligence
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review charles spearman
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contemporary view of intelligence
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review carroll + horn, gardner, sternberg.
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How intelligence measured by IQ and why cautious in interpreting it
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It is given by individually administered tests. Test on verbal comprehension, working memory, perceptional reasoning, and processing speed. Stanford V, Weschler IV.
It is a snapshot of a persons ability at a given point in time. can change over time. |
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IQ influenced by SES
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higher SES = higher IQ
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IQ influenced by Race
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African American- 15 points (1 SD) lower
Hispanic- avg nonverbal, 1/2 to 1 SD lower verbal Chinamen, Japanese- 1 SD higher nonverbal, avg verbal |
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IQ influenced by Gender
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Male- high end + low end of IQ
Females- middle to high. balance right/left hemispheres |
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Environment + IQ
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IQ scores affected by:
-emotional and verbal responsiveness of parents -parental involvement with children -appropriate play materials, activities in the home |
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Self-fulfilling prophecy
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a groundless expectation that leads the teacher to act in ways that make the expectation come true.
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teaching for successful intelligence
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-balance instruction
-sensitivity to individuals differences in the ways students represent info. -provide students w/ opportunity to "shape" their environment. |
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T/F
The terms ethnic group and racial group are interchangeable as they have the same meaning |
False
racial is biological ethnic is cultural |
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T/F
There are more women than men in the US but women have less power than men and are therefore considered a minority group. |
TRUE
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T/F
The main advantage to correlational research is that is allows one to determine cause and effect |
FALSE
experimental research |
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Which most accurately describes the best method for ensuring that a sample is sound
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random sample
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T/F
classroom tests created by teachers are standardized tests |
FALSE
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the best example of a formatative assessments is that the teacher...
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gives a test this week in order to understand what instruction to provide next week.
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T/F
Most factors used to identify whether a student is at risk have to do with poverty |
TRUE
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T/F
Almost all psychologists agree that intelligence involves adaptation to the environment |
TRUE
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T/F
Most experts believe that intelligence can be shaped or even improved through various interventions |
TRUE
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The theory that describes analytical, creative, and practical abilities working together to help us do well in life is the...
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Sternberg's theory of success
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