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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where does the structural complexity come from in the oceans? |
Mainly from Whale falls; methane seeps; deep sea coral reefs; gastropod beds and organisms in vents |
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What causes seasonal fluctuations in nutrients in the deep ocean? |
Seasonal Storms - brings nutrients up/oxygen down Nutrient runoff from land - less in winter |
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What are the stages of a hydrothermal vent? |
10-20 year cycle Vent forms -> Bacteria mats -> |
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Methane Seeps |
Occur where plates collide Last longer than vents Problems: high pressure; low temp; lack of sunlight/food Counteracted by: Chemosynthetic bacteria; cold, mineral-rich water; one location |
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What makes seagrasses facilitators? |
They hide organisms; stabilize sediment |
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What makes seagrasses a biogenic habitat? |
Generated by life The habitat complexity is high Stucture provides refuge from predation Encourages high diversity |
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What types of animals can be found in seagrass? |
Infauna - buried in sediment Epifauna - live on surface of blades & sediment Mobile fauna - live in water over canopy |
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What about survivorship of organisms and seabeds |
Survivorship is higher in denser beds, further from the edge
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Services provided by seagrass |
Roots stabilize sediment Blades slow flow and promote sedimentation Stores nutrients and carbon; better than algae |
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Grazers in seagrasses |
Small grazers eat epiphytic algae Large grazers eat the grass, in turn may increase Halophila productivity |
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Seagrass loss loops |
Small grazers become less abundant; more algae grows killing seagrass |
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Mangal vs mangrove |
A mangal is the community of organisms that live in the mangrove habitat. The Mangrove are the trees that flourish in the mangal |
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Why do mangroves grow slowly? |
They spend a lot of energy sustaining itself in a salty environment |
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What is Character Displacement? |
It is when two organisms that share resources become less similar over evolutionary time. It usually involves one organism no longer needing the resource |
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What service do mangrove forests provide?
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They form a barrier for wave energy They are nursery habitats (Crabs bioturbate) |
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Mangrove aerial roots |
Trap sediments to add to island Serve as substratum for marine invertebrates and algae Provide shelter for small fish Provide hunting ground for large fish |
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How does flow influence species diversity? |
Diversity is highest on the leeward side of islands where flow is low |
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Challenges for polar organisms? |
Extreme length in daytime/night time - No productivity for half a year |
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Productivity in polar oceans |
Nutrients available nearly year round (weak seasonal thermocline) Productivity peaks in spring and is limited by sunlight |
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Polar food chains |
Short Some diversity Mammalian top predators Short food chain makes upper trophic levels vulnerable |
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Polar Krill |
Appear everywhere in water column Food to benthic, pelagic and surface organisms Dense where primary productivity is highest herbivores and carnivores |
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Why do species accumulation curves rise more slowly when you sample habitat by habitat vs randomly? |
There is a relationship between location and the relation between organisms or species The closer locations are to each other, more of the same species can be found, less count (at first) Random samples will have father samples earlier, increasing the count faster (at first). |
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Summary: Why do we care so much about krill |
Most important part of the food web - The entire food web passes through krill Top predators (mainly mammals) rely on them |
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What happens (regarding krill) when ice melts? |
It creates pockets of freshwater environments for zooplankton and phytoplankton which are then eaten by krill |
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