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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Steelhead fish are predators of predatory insects, which in turn feed on midge larvae. The midge larvae feed on algae. By indirect effects, a reduction in the number of steelhead fish should lead to a(n) _______ in midges and a(n) _______ in algae.
a) increase, increase b) decrease, increase c) decrease, decrease |
b) DECREASE the number of larvae and INCREASE the number of algae because theyll be a lower number of larvae so they cant feed on the algae therefore algae will increase. |
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2. The trophic facilitation phenomenon involves direct interactions between two plant species in the form of _______, with indirect effects benefiting a(n) _______ of one of the plants.
A. facilitation, parasite B.facilitation, herbivore C.facilitation, competitor D.competition, parasite |
a) facilitation, herbivore Facilitation: A consumer is indirectly helped by a positive interaction between its prey and another species |
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A beetle that feeds exclusively on dead wood is an example of a(n) _______ and is part of the _______ trophic level.
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Detritivore, second trophic level 1st trophic level: primary producer (autotrophs) 2nd trophic level: primary consumers * Also detritivores 3rd: secondary consumers (carnivores) 4th: tertiary consumer - top predator |
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In an inverted trophic pyramid, _______ biomass is present in the secondary carnivores than in the primary producers. Compared to terrestrial systems, aquatic systems are _______ likely to feature inverted pyramids.
A.more, much more B.more, about as C.more, much less D.less, much more |
a. more, much more ..... In terrestrial ecosystems, the amount of energy and biomass in the pyramid are the same. This is because they are long lived primary producers like plants and trees * have a lot to supply The aquatic ecosystem pyramid is inverted because although primary producers can be abundant and make a lot of energy for other organisms, they have VERY LITTLE biomass because they die so fast |
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Bald eagles, which feed mainly on fish, tend to have much higher concentrations of toxins than the fish have. The same situation occurs for many top predators. This phenomenon is referred to as
A.bioaccumulation B.biomagnification C.bioremediation D.Carson's syndrome |
B. Biomagnification- the movement of toxic concentrations throughout trophic levels * the concentrations increase as you travel up the food web. bioaccumulation: the accumulation of a certain toxin WITHIN the same organism. this concentration increased throughout a fishes life .. not passed to other organisms |
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In which human communities would one most likely find the highest concentrations of PCBs?
A.Communities in the Arctic that eat mainly whale meat. B.Communities in the Arctic that eat mainly herbivorous caribou. C.Communities in the Arctic that eat mainly a vegetarian diet. D.Communities in southern Canada that eat mainly a vegetarian diet.7. |
PCBS would be found in (A). because these people would be eating top predators that are going to have the most concentration of whatever toxin had been passed on. *also relating to bioaccumulation |
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Spawning adult salmon provide marine subsidies to __________ ecosystems
A.marine B.freshwater C.terrestrial D.both b and c |
d) freshwater and Terrestrial ecosystems * Subsidies is/are energy and materials/organisms that cross ecosystems *they are ubiquitous and are not direct Subsidies can alter trophic cascades * |
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Which of the following statements about subsidies is false?
A.subsidies only affect their direct consumers B.subsidies alter whole food-web interactions (e.g. trophic cascades) C.subsidies can be consumed at multiple trophic levels D.subsidies can be fed upon in multiple ecosystems |
A) subsidies DO NOT only affect their direct consumer. in a cross ecosystem, subsidies will be eaten by predators, so now this predator is not eating their usual prey. Their usual prey numbers will then INCREASE which will DECREASE the primary producers that that certain prey type eats. |
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9. Which of the following is not a characteristic of landscape structure?
A.size of patches B.number of patches C.complexity of patch shape D.degree of patch fragmentation |
b. number of patches |
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Name three characteristics that influence landscape structure |
1) The size of the patches 2) if the patches are dispersed or aggregated 3) the complexity 4) the degree of fragmentation |
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What is/ why is landscape ecology important? |
landscape ecology looks at the consequences of things like habitat fragmentation and patches affecting a species and how they live. (time for colonization) etc. look at landscape elements like forest patches, soil types, lakes etc. |
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How are patches connected? |
They are connected by the movement of biotic and abiotic factors like water and wind flow and also the movement of species into different patches. *subsidies could play a role in this * metapopulations playing roles into this as well |
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In central France, the legacy of Roman settlements persists after 2,000 years. As one moves closer to the center of the settlement sites, the pH of the soil _______, the amount of phosphates in the soil _______, and the number of species _______.
A.increases, increases, increases B.increases, increases, decreases C.decreases, increases, increases D.decreases, decreases, decreases |
A) ALL increases Human alter the way a landscape can look by activites such as agriculture, or just living in a certain place of land. - these affect the biodiversity and ecology of certain communities |
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Assuming all other factors are equal, which statement about the success of core natural areas as a conservation measure is false?
A.Areas with compact shapes are superior to areas with less compact shapes. B.One large reserve is superior to a few small reserves with the same total area. C.Several reserves far apart are superior to the same number of reserves close together D.Reserves connected by habitat corridors are superior to unconnected reserves. |
c) several reserves for apart ... It is NOT good to have several reserves far apartment. it is not superior to the same number close together |
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What is conservation biology? |
the study of phenomena that affect the maintanence, loss and restoration of biodiversity. restoration ecology is working to fix damaged areas * |
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Why should we protect biodiversity? (list) |
*People rely on Biodiversity*! 1) Economic services 2) recreational, spiritual activities 3) moral obligation! |
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Who is Alfred Wallace? Talk about extinction rates |
warned about extinction back in 1869 * - extinction rates ARE accelerating.. current extinction rates for mammals and birds is 1 species every year |
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What is a guild? how can the extinction of a guild affect a community? what is a functional group? Taxonomic affinity? |
guild - a group of species that uses the same resources * ** big species that all pollinate, bats, birds, bees. If a guild goes extinct this can affect the ecology of that area* a functional group - species that function in similar ways taxonomic affinity: all of the same kind of organism (not necessarily same species) that are in a community |
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A possible negative consequence of establishing habitat corridors is that they
A.may facilitate the movement of pathogens. B.may facilitate the movement of invasive species. C.have never been demonstrated to be effective in assisting the movement of the target species. D.both A and B |
d) a and B Habitat corridors: these habitat corridors can help patches connect to one another by preventing isolation of patches. - habitat corridors DO work BUT they can increase the presence of predators into an area where they weren't before |
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What is ecosystem management? |
* designing nature reserves
*core restoration areas must be large and uncut by roads and trails |
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What does successful restoration require? (3) |
- correct diagnosis of the ecological state of the area
- determining the goals of restoration - application of ecological knowledge to recreate the desired type of ecosystem some restoration happens quickly BUT can take a LONG time * |
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Which statement about adaptive management is true?
A.The first step of adaptive management is almost always the gathering of scientific data. B.It is not an iterative process. C.Monitoring is a less integral component. D.GIS data are required. |
a) must always gather scientific data** |
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A bee pollinating an important agricultural crop is an example of
A.ecosystem management B.an ecosystem service C.restoration management D.a surrogate service |
an ecosystem service * |
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what are ecosystem services? |
ecosystem services are natural processes that sustain life!* some examples of ecosystem services include: - water purification - climate regulation - flood control - soil formation - pollination of crops |
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What are surrogate species? |
surrogate species are important for conserving because they play major roles in their ecosystems also affecting others in their habitat as well as their habitat themselves? |
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What is an umbrella species? flagship species? |
umbrella species: protecting an umbrella species will also indirectly protect many others that live in the same habitat that make up the ecological community. flagship: conservation effects that focus on a cute species that many people adore. ex: panda |
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Off-road mountain vehicles and mountain bikes trample various plant species in the Santa Cruz Mountains and hills of California. Although plants still persist in the area and many species are unaffected, habitat quality for many species has declined. This is an example of habitat
A.degradation B.fragmentation C.loss D.homogenization |
A) degradation - changes that reduce the quality of the habitat for many species, but not all |
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Which of the following is not an axis used by biologists to determine whether, or to what extent, a species is rare?
A.Local population size B.Habitat specificity C.Age structure D.Geographic distribution |
c) age structure - a panda would be an example of a rare species because they have very specific needs* bambo is their source of food and can only be found in certain areas! * |
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What is ex situ conservation |
* take younger organisms from small populations and nurse them in a sheltered condition with minimal human contact* and then release them back into the wild |
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list some different threats that affect biodiversity |
hunting, climate change, disease, competition * - many organisms affected by habitat loss, overharvesting and pollution |
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What type of threat would an invasive species cause to an ecosystem ? |
habitat degradation * |
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What is a big factor that is influencing climate change? |
* green house gases! * CO2 .. about 75% of CO2 are due to human activities like fossil fuels |
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climate change causes ..... |
-warmer temperatures - sea level rise - ocean acidification - more droughts, floods, hurricanes |
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what kinds of biological processes are being increased due to warming temperatures? |
increases in decomposition.. increasing decomposition can have a negative effect on carbon storage.. dead organisms release carbon dioxide. Active warming = positive feedbacks ** (more carbon is being released than being stored) |
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how is global climate change affecting precipitation? |
it will affect the productivity of organisms by changing weather events/disturbances
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How is global climate change affecting ocean acidification |
Co2 is taken up by the water and increases the pH * water and Co2 together forming carbonic acid ... this harms a lot of species like shelled species that become weaker. * coral bleaching becomes a very big problem. - coral are a foundation species and when they are negatively affected then that means the habitat for all of the different species (like fish) that live in coral reefs will no longer have a home ): |
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How is global climate change affecting sea level rise ? |
with warmer temperatures, glaciers and ice are melting which is putting more water into the oceans. this increase is salty and freshwater then can change ocean currents as well as be a disaster for coast homes * . the south is largely affected by this. *thermal expansion increasing *salt marshes will be affected greatly by this! |
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How does climate change affect the ecological response of organisms? |
changes in an animals phylogeny can occur due to changes in temperature. For many animals that hibernate, they will come out of hibernation earlier which means that they will need to be able to "survive" for longer. exhaust more energy and resources * |
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What are some key players in communities? hint: 3 types |
dominant species: foundation species. very very abundant species that play large affects on others. can house for others ex: coral reefs, intertidal algae
ecosystem engineers: organisms that create, modify and maintain their habitat for themselves including others that live in the area ex: trees, beavers , woodpeckers keystone species: small abundances of them but have very large affects in their community based on the roles they have. this could be what they do (ex: bees pollinating) or (ex: food they eat) ex: beavers eating urchins... with the maintaining of urchin populations then that will allow kelp forests to thrive. |
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What is the difference between disturbance and stress? |
disturbances are events that happen with high intensity (like a hurricane or wild fire) but DO NOT happen often. These affect species but ALSO leave room for opportunities of others to thrive. Stress events occur often but are not as intense. stress happens slowly. ex: low nutrients and pollution |
