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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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predator mediated coexistence |
in absence of predation competitively dominant plants will exclude competitively inferior plants |
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cascading trophic interactions |
when a predator reduces the abundance of its prey which increases the abundance of the preys prey |
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keystone species |
a species that largely dictates community structure and composition by its presence |
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symbiosis |
any close association between two species |
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mutualism |
when both species benefit |
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facultative mutualism |
both species can survive without the other species |
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obligate mutualism |
neither species can survive without the other |
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lichen |
fungi + algae facultative for algae and obligate for the fungi |
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mycorrhiza |
association between fungi and roots facultative for fungi, obligate for plant |
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rhizobium |
bacteria that live in legume nodules that turn nitrogen into nitrate |
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zooxanthellae |
dinoflagellates that live in coral that give them their color and provide them with photosynthetic products |
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cleaner wrasse |
obligate fish cleaners |
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beltian bodies |
protein rich sources produced by acacia trees to entice ants |
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coevolution |
interdependent evolution of 2 or more taxa having close ecological interaction in which selection pressures are reciprocal |
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species richness |
number of different species in a given area |
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species diversity |
composite measure of both the number of species and their relative abundances |
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evenness |
relative abundances of species usually incorporated into species diversity e= d/s |
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simpsons index |
D increases with both more species and higher evenness d= 1/(£(Pi)^2) |
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food web |
diagram of who eats whom in a community |
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trophic level |
functional classification based on feeding relationships |
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biomass |
weight of living tissue |
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net primary production |
for green plants and other photosynthetic organisms |
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succession |
somewhat predictable pattern of change in species composition that occurs at the same site over time |
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sere |
sequence of community types that occur during succession |
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seral stage |
one of the community types that occur during succession |
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primary succession |
temporal community change on newly exposed geological substrates not significantly modified by living organisms |
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secondary succession |
temporal community change on areas with developed soils that were significantly modified by living organisms |
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pioneer species |
1-5 years after glacial retreat mosses, lichens, horsetails |
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old field succession |
following agricultural abandonment |
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standing crop |
biomass per unit area, expressed as energy/area |
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carbon fixation |
photosynthetic organisms take inorganic CO2 and convert it into organic carbon |
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gross primary productivity |
total amount of carbon fixed by photosynthetic organisms |
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net primary productivity |
portion of GPP that ends up as new biomass |
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consumption efficiencies |
the % of production at one trophic level that is consumed by the next higher trophic level |
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assimilation efficiencies |
the % ingested energy that is assimilated across the gut wall remainder is lost as fecal energy |
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production efficiency |
% assimilated energy incorporated into new biomass and available to the next trophic level remainder lost as respiratory energy |
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decomposer food chain |
has the highest energy loss through respiration has much greater secondary productivity compared to grazer food chain |
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allochthonous |
energy coming from outside the system small streams receive most of their energy through this from fallen leaves and wood |
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compartments |
location where nutrients physically reside |
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flux |
movement of nutrients from one compartment to another |
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ammonification |
fixing nitrogen into NH3 |
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nitrification |
NH3> NO2>NO3 |
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denitrification |
NO3>NO>N2O>N2 done by pseudomonas |
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R. Paine |
studied predator mediated coexistence in intertidal areas with starfish |
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D. Janzen |
studied the mutualism between ants and acacia trees |
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F. E. Clements |
came up with the organismic school of thought |
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H. A. Gleason |
came up with the individualistic school of thought for plant populations |
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D. Tilman |
came up with the resource ratio hypothesis |
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how do the effects of predation differ between the selectivity of the predator and the competitive ability of the preferred prey? |
when the prey are competitively superior pmce will occur |
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facilitation of succession |
early species change a site so the establishment of later species of later species |
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inhibition of succession |
early species make the site less suitable for establishment of later species |
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tolerance of succession |
modification of the site by early successional species has little to no impact on the establishment of later species |
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process of old field succession |
pioneer: 1-2 years. ragweed 2nd sere: 3-15 years. goldenrod 3rd seral stage: 15-100 years blackberries climax: 100+ years oaks |
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characteristics of plants during successional stages |
early: quick growers, tolerant of nutrient poor soil, shade intolerant late: slow growers, longer lived, shade tolerant |
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environments with most primary productivity |
tropical rainforests |
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environments with least primary productivity |
deserts |
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grazer food chain |
herbivores, carnivores. NPP eaten while alive |
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decomposer food chain |
NPP eaten while dead vultures included |
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consumption efficiency of herbivores in forests |
5-10% |
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consumption efficiency of herbivores in grasslands |
15-20% |
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consumption efficiency of herbivores in aquatic |
20-40% |
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local inputs to the nutrient cycle |
runoff, erosion |
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local outputs to the nutrient cycle |
respiration |
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primary compartments and fluxes of the carbon cycle |
oil pockets, plants, limestone burning ****** everything |
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nitrogen cycle |
Nitrogen fixed to ammonia, then its turned into nitrites and the nitrates |
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ecology |
the study of organisms and how they interact with their environment |
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evolution |
change in frequency of genes in a population over time |
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prerequisites for natural selection |
observable variation genetic basis organisms have the ability to produce more offspring than can survive |
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lotka Volterra equation for intersects |
species 1 y int: K1/effect of species 2 on species 1 species 2 y int: K2/effect of species 1 on species 2 x intercepts are the carrying capacity |
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nx |
number alive at the start of each age class |
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lx |
proportion of original cohort surviving at the start of each age class |
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dx |
proportion of cohort dying during each age class |
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qx |
chance of dying before next birthday |
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ex |
how long we expect an individual to live |
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survivorship type I |
low mortality at beginning with high later on |
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type II survivorship |
constant age specific mortality ratr |
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Type III survivorship |
high mortality early in life |
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mx |
average number female offspring per female in age class x |
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who developed the n-dimensional hypervolume concept for a niche |
G. E. Hutchinson |
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J. wiens |
predation could keep populations of competitors well below their K and allow coexistence |
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R. H. MacArthur |
studied niche differentiation in warblers |
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D. Simberloff |
concluded that the likelihood of a checkerboard distribution was fairly high given then huge number of possibilities |
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C. Huffaker |
studied mites on oranges |
