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87 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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In Reimchen study in the riparian zone, what type of nutrient cycling was it and what was the major outcome? |
Uploading (salmon in ocean--> rivers) 1. Bears were eating 65% of total salmon but consuming post-reproduction of salmon for the reproduction of salmon to continue. 2. Bears bringing salmon into forest and leaving 50% of carcass created a nutrient cycle effect. |
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How much of total nitrogen is in the earths atmosphere? What nitrogen isotope is seen as highly influential in different trophic levels? What percent of if is of total nitrogen? |
78% total N in Earths atmosphere 0.07% N15 in atmosphere - varies in biological system |
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How do you account for the N15 levels in the riparian zone? |
influenced by salmon- need to compare the N15 levels of areas where salmon are residing and areas where they are not residing. |
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What is an indicator of plant species below and above the salmon barrier? |
Proportion of nitrogen rich soil and nitrogen poor soil. |
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The salmon barrier (above and below a waterfall). Where is more N15 found? |
Above- 80% of nitrogen in riparian plants is derived from salmon nutrients. |
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Does the nitrogen rich and nitrogen poor sol effect the community structure? Why? |
Contribution of the MID OCEAN (where salmon are coming from) set the nutrient richness above and below a waterfall |
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Why are salmon considered a dominant species and bears a keystone? |
Salmon- productivity emerges because of AMOUNT of salmon there are Bears- without the transfer of salmon the *marine-terrestrial ecosystem linkage would fall |
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What is a spring tide? |
When the sun and the moon as at the most opposite= greatest gravitational pull SUN & MOON vs ROTATION OF THE EARTH JULY* |
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What does the horizontal stratification of species inintertidal zone depend on? (Vertical ZONATION) |
How long a species can survive out of water. No species can go from very bottom bottom to very top (crab following tide) (barnacles during deep tides and fully exposed longer during spring tides) |
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What is the difference between a neap tide and a spring tide? |
Mean high water spring Mean high water neap - DURING LOWEST TIDES Mean low water spring Mean low water neap- DURING LOWEST TIDE JULY* |
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When is a deep tide? |
During 1/4 and 3/4 moons |
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What contributes to the highest primary productivity of all communities on the planet? What species was named a keystone species after its disappearance? |
Kelp beds Sea otter |
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What oceanic zone is the last zone to allow light and photosynthesis? What zone has the higest population of fish? What behaviour do these fish take on to avoid predators? |
Epipelagic zone (0-200m) Mesopelagic (200-1000m)- Vertical migration |
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Where can you find shallow coral reefs? What water temp do they need to survive? |
+/- 20* from equator 27-30* for survival |
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What are bioherms? |
Deep water coral reefs (benthic communities) - largest known in Norway - huge juvenile fish populations |
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Besides the right temperature what does coral need to survive? What is missing in the tropics that is needed for survival? What is the equivalent? |
photosynthesis- No plankton in tropics, Survives on ZOOXANTHELLAE that fixes sunlight for corals to feed on |
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What is the difference between Arctic and Antarctic comunities? |
Arctic- frozen ocean surrounded by land. First layer of water is fresh water from rivers (salt water is heavier than fresh) Antarctic- land surrounded by ocean- Low species diveristy on land but higher primary production in surrounding ocean and species diversity |
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What classification of lakes has the highest and lowest productivity? |
Eutrophic- highest Oligotrophic (clear) & Dystrophic (stained)- lowest |
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What is a thermocline? What happends when wind is involved? |
layer that separate warm and cold water * 4 degrees Wind- mixing only occurs above the thermocline |
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Why do fish prefer the Epilimnion zone? (upper layer of lake) |
O2 is higher near surface Algae sinks to bottom and sucks up oxygen as there is no mixing at the bottom. |
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What is a lake turnover? What happens to the fish? |
When the lake is at 4deg- water has higher density (top of water) than other water so it sinks and a natural mixing of bottom and top water happens Fish can now occupy whole water column |
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What are the most important for lake productivity ? |
Winds and turnovers |
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What are the distinctive features of Tundra community? How many strata? |
3-6months dark winters HIGH diversity in SUMMER (plants + animals) NO trees- 1/2 meter down is ALWAYS frozen birds- seasonal (migratory) **3 strata- soil, ground low shrubs |
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What are distinctive features of the temperate coniferous rainforest? (Taiga/boreal forest) |
Conifers (spruce, hemlock, cedar etc) trees with monopodial growth (grow upwards from single point) Short summer long winters (hybernation of some resident species) **4 strata- soil, ground, shrubs, trees |
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What are distinctive features of temperate deciduous forests? |
Summers- warm and wet, cold winters Seasonal migration due to weather change ** 5 strata- upper( L trees) and lower (S trees) canopy, shrubs, ground layer of herbs, mosses, ferns, soil** decomposer |
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What does strata indicate |
Strata is proportional to the number of species diversity |
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What are distinctive features of Grasslands (prairie/savanna) |
Deep roots Long droughts soil moisture protected by mulch * animals- large grazers, small burrowers **3 strata- soil, ground, sparse trees |
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What are distinctive features of Deserts? |
Low rainfall Range of day--> night temp (hot-->cold) rainfall = more species nocturnal animals ** 3 strata- soil, ground, cactus |
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What are distinctive features of Tropical Rainforests? |
Rich in every taxonomic group due to high strata**= high biological turnover |
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What are the 6 strata groups in tropical rainforests? |
A (upper)- trees over 60m(only certain species so it is discontinuous) B- up to 20m trees- discontinuous C- Lowest trees- continuous canopy D- Shrub layer- tall herbs and ferns E- ground layer, herb plants and seedlings F (lowest)- root, soil- shallow and POORLY developed A&E connected by vines (epiphytes) |
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What is the nitrogen trend as you move away from the equator? |
Least in savannas and equatorial forests and highest in tundra and coniferous forests (more north) So N increases further away from the equator in SOILS |
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Deserts are 30* above and below the equator, why are they not located closer where it is hotter? |
Atmospheric circulation patterns - temperature and rainfall driven by latitudes and relationship between atmospheric cells |
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What temperature are associated with the different atmospheric cells? |
Hadley Cells: 25-30* Closer to equator (most hot air rises to give rainfall- tropical rainforests, deciduous forests) Ferrell cells: -25/30*to -60* Cold dry air sinks (Desert, Temperate deciduous forests, grassslands, *coniferous only in North) Polar Cells: -60* + Cold dry air falls, Polar caps (Arctic, tundra) |
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50% of Earth's biomass comes from what taxonomic group? What taxonomic group has the highest species diversity? Why? |
Viruses and Bacteria- something we cannot see with our own eyes Invertebrates- high spacial variability |
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Explain the disproportion of aquatic to terrestrial biodiversity |
Aquatic takes up 71% of earth spaces and terrestrial is about 29%. Of this spaces there is an estimated 2Million species in aquatic spaces, versus 10Million in Terrestial- disproportionate as you would think the greater the area the more diversity- opposite in this case of biodiversity. |
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In latitudes of geographical diversity of vascular plants what is the first highest in species richness so different from the 3rd highest in species richness? |
Brazil has highest- close to equator China (#3)- is further away from equator Need to look at single group of plants for latitude relationships The link is INSECT diversity with plant diversity (orchid example, tree and amphibian example) |
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What are the top 3 countries with the highest bird diversity? |
Columbia Peru Brazil |
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What is the worlds largest biome? What is its peak diversity depth? Why is this unique? |
The deep sea- 2000-3000ft Aphotopic zone Decrease in macrofauna with increase depths |
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What is the key to high turnovers? What is an example? |
Even density (in 4*) and wind Arctic and Antarctic primary production is HIGH |
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What is the conclusion about marine primary productivity and bio diversity? |
Where is there is HIGH productivity (arctic/antarctic) there is LOW species diversity- vice versa NODES- no nutrients (equator line) surrounded by ocean ocean and high species diversity So primary productivity in the ocean is NOT a predictor of biomass diversity |
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How does the world net primary production in marine and continental values relate to world biomass ? |
Continental PP= 56 W-biomass= 550 (x10^9) Marine PP= 48 W-biomass= 10 (x10^9) Total of over 1 trillion tons in world biomass including bacteria Even though there is a similar primary production (PP) level continental world biomass is a huge contributor over marine |
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T or F- Total amount of sunlight is the same but the curvature of the Earth creates the difference |
T- less concentration of light photos as we move towards the poles |
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What is the conclusion about terrestial primary productivity and bio diversity |
Primary production will predict the diversity of the land - associated with insect diversity |
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The average PP of cultivated land is about the same in original grass lands. What does this indicate? |
Link to human carrying capasity |
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What is the trend in PET (potential evapotranspiration) in tree and vertebrate species? |
The higher the PET the more species richness (eventually level off) |
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If PP is not an predictor of diversity in marine but it is in terrestrial- what is the disconnect for vertebrate biodiversity ? |
Migration of species in the ocean Seasonal nutrients at the poles InTER specific competition in tropical latitudes |
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How does the competition theory explain global species richness? |
In the tropic latitudes there is move overlap (small niche spaces)- this increases diversity with higher inTER specific competition than in temperate latitudes |
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How does the climate variability theory give more opportunity for year round specialization in tropical climates? |
Less variation in temperature |
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How does the spatial heterogeneity theory work in temperate and tropical biomes? |
Temperate= colder= few plants species=fewer herbivores= fewer predatory Tropical= many plant species= many herbivore species The higher plant species leads to more niche space and higher spacial heterogeneity |
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How does tree species richness effect ectotherm and endotherm species abundance |
Ectotherms needs moisture from tree = trend--more the tree species the more species of of amphibians Endotherms (reptilia) can withstand dryer temps so dont depend as much on trees = more diversity and abundance in graph (no trend) |
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How does the environmental age theory contribute to explain trends in biodiversity? |
Comparing ice sheets from past to present (need to include age of community to look at species adundance) Dispersal highest by wind, then birds, then water **dependent on plants and time Where plants have been colonized the longest is where the most abundant species of insects will the found. |
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What creates a cladogram? What is the average length of time for the origin of a new species? |
geographical isolation + time + natural selection 10,000 Years to 1Million years |
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Explanations for differences of species biodiversity in: 1. local communities? 2. regions? 3. Continents? |
1. predation, competition, spatial heterogeneity 2. PP, environmental age ,climate variability, spatial heterogeneity 3. PP and geological time |
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What is the main importance in understanding island biogeography? |
To create parks to conserve species |
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What does ecological genetics have to do with island biogeography? |
persistence of populations over time in relation to size of islands ( determining extinction ) small pop & small islands- high extinction |
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What is the result of ecological disharmony? |
Species that colonize island have good dispersal (birds) Predators have highest extinction rate- islands with no predators = adaptations (birds laying larger eggs) **Evolutionary experimentation **Species turnover |
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Explain the graph of colonization vs extinction- why is the cross over the most successful ? |
Time 0- ice melting NO colonization- as time proceeds colonization begins (continual decline as all niche space will eventually fill) - outcomepetition= increasing extinction rate Colonization decreases with time Extinction increases with time Explains why the islands will have less species than the mainland due to **extinction |
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What are the essential features of island equilibrium ? |
*Species move towards equilibrium between extinction and colonization as a function of island area and distance *species composition is continuously in a state of change as some species go extinct and some colonize (why we cannot predict species colonization) *can predict number of species |
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What was the significance of the first real test of IBT by MacArthur- Wilson ? What was their only exception in their theory of testing equilibrium? |
Why few species is related to distance and size Actual number of species assembled remained the same but the composition of species was similar to the orginial species that habited due to predefaunation findings: each island has its own characteristics and each species had its own requirements- ecology community created by tolerance - co-exisitng by adaptation** Exception: Could predict the type of species (original species) |
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What is the tripartite theory ? |
Increase in speciation (cladogenesis) over time as island is larger and more isolated |
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What are the three theories of relative stability of island communities? |
Charles Elton- diversity- stability hypothesis (do not want to loose anything- y=x) Paul and Anne Erhlich- rivet hypothesis (ribbons on a plane theory) Brian Walker- redundancy hypothesis- (pilot on a plane theory) |
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What are the top 3 major countries contributing to global populations? |
China India USA |
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What is the current growth population rate/year? How many births & deaths? What is the average growth rate? |
80M/year 135K B 35K deaths 1.1% (about 1.1 births is average- higher in undeveloped countries ) |
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What type of habitat loss has been the most invasive, greatest widespread, and greatest profit margins humans have impacted? |
Deforestation- Clear cutting- 80 year rotation Variable retention- leaving 1/4 of original impacted forest selective cutting- removing fallen trees by heli ** keeps new diversity of forest but most costly |
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What new laws did Brazil imply with increasing threats to species survival ? Why is this a controversy? Why is loosing species an issue in Brazil? |
Illegal to removal native vegetation Should focus on bigger issues impacting biodiversity than 'bug collectors'. Species that are lost- may be species we never knew existed |
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Tropical Forests: What countries have the highest percent of forest lost? What countries have the highest deforestation ? |
From 2000-2005 Nigeria and Vietnam (lost 50% of their forests in 5 years!!!) Brazil (by far) and Indonesia Madegascar not even on the list as it has already burned/cut most of its forests |
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Canada is exports to oil as Brazil is to what? |
Beef (cattle) HUGE deforestation for agriculture purposes Larger cattle herd in the world |
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In costal temperate rainforests what is the community forest recovery time? Why are these rainforests so important to ecosystems? |
1000 years They hold the greatest biomass/hectare of all ecosystems on the planet |
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How much of The worlds rainforest is remaining in BC? How much has BC lost? |
1/4 remains in BC BC has lost 70% |
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How has the salmon biomass changed since the 1950's near gribbell island? |
80% reduction in salmon- major loss of protein for bears Thought that clear cutting this area would allow berry bushes to grow for bears... by clear cutting spawning gravel became sediment- not suitable for salmon |
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What does Brazil, BC, Equador, Madagascar all have in common? |
EXPORT markets |
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What do the 7.3 billions people have to thank for their survival? |
Grasslands- CROPS and AGRICULTURE |
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What is the major impact on loss of estuaries? |
Estuaries are major for migratory species- largest concentration of shore birds NO SOLUTION for restoration as estuaries are where people will congregate to (ports, etc) as there is decline in reproductive output of these birds |
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What major habitat has the highest diversity of vertebrates on the planet? |
Coral Reefs 75% of all glocal coral reefs have been lost Coral reefs determine the number of other species |
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How does the human impact of fragmentation effects the earths ecosystem? |
Smaller fragments are okay as immigrants can move but human impacts (ROADS) separate communities and isolate increasing likelihood of extinction |
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What is the Suess Effect? |
Burning fossil fuels releases C02 but not C14 |
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What is the catalyst for ozone failure? |
Chlorine molecules |
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What are the major greenhouses gases and their contribution to the greenhouse effect? What percent of the combination of these gases is cased by humans? (anthropogenic) |
Co2- 50% Water vapour- 50% Black Carbon- 20% Methane- 19% CFC-15% Nitrous Oxide- 4% 75% |
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What is the biomagnification of DDT concentration increase ? When was the world ban of DDT? |
10 million times from water to fish-eating birds. Did not DIRECTLY KILL animals but effected their populations (birds egg shell were too thing to survive) World ban 2002 |
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What was the replacement for DDT to control insects in crops? What was the costs to this product? |
Neonicotinoid - caused CCD (colony collapse disorder) as a huge decline in insects led to decline in bees, bats and birds * Ecosystem wide effet |
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What is used in India for sick cattle? What was the major implications of the effects of this? |
Diclofenac (anti-inflammatory)- since india does not eat meat when cattle died the vultures who are the cattle died. This created a MAJOR increase in human disease (increase in carcasses) **Something given to one species may react differently to another species |
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What was the vulture safe alternative? |
Meloxicam |
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When did Canada pull out of International Whaling Commison? WHy? |
1982- Did not want to be TOLD to not hunt whales |
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What happens to the value of fish as the protection for them increases? |
Their value increases |
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Based on what we have been catching what is the predicted fish biomass? What is the actual fish biomass? |
605 billion Actual- 240 billion |
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What is the downfall to making fish farms? |
have to use wild salmon initially |
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Looking at the # of imports of animal skins why are we NOT able to find the MAIN impacts on killing for skins? |
besides the polar bear and elephant we have NO idea of population size of the animals |
