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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The branch of psychology that studies how people change over the lifespan.
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developmental psychology
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The single cell formed at conception from the union of the egg cell and sperm cell.
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zygote
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A long, threadlike structure composed of twisted parallel strands of DNA; found in the cell nucleus.
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chromosome
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The double-stranded molecule that encodes genetic instructions; the chemical basis of heredity.
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deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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A unit of DNA on a chromosome that encodes instructions for making a particular protein molecule; the basic unit of heredity.
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gene
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The genetic makeup of an individual organism.
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genotype
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The scientific description of the complete set of DNA in the human organism, including gene locations.
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human genome
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One of the different forms of a particular gene.
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allele
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The observable traits or characteristics of an organism as determined by the interaction of genetics and environmental factors.
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phenotype
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Chromosomes, designated as X or Y, that determine biological sex; the 23rd pair of chromosomes in humans.
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sex chromosomes
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The stage of development before birth; divided into the germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods.
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prenatal stage
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The first two weeks of prenatal development.
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germinal period
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The second period of prenatal development, extending from the third week through the eighth week.
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embryonic period
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Harmful agents or substances that can cause malformations or defects in an embryo or fetus.
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teratogens
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The third and longest period of prenatal development, extending from the ninth week until birth.
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fetal period
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Inborn dispositions to consistently behave and react in a certain way.
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temperament
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The emotional bond that develops between an infant and caregiver(s), especially his or her parents.
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attachment
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The words that are understood by an infant or child.
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comprehension vocabulary
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The words that an infant or child understands and can speak.
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production vocabulary
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The cultural, social, and psychological meanings that are associated with masculinity or femininity.
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gender
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The behaviors, attitudes, and personality traits that are designated as masculine or feminine in a given culture.
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gender roles
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A person's psychological sense of being a male or female.
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gender identity
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In Piaget's theory, the first stage of cognitive development, from birth to about age 2; the period during which the infant explores the environment and acquires knowledge through sensing and manipulating objects.
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sensorimotor stage
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The understanding that an object continues to exist even when it can no longer be seen.
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object permanence
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In Piaget's theory, the second stage of cognitive development, which lasts from about age 2 to age 7; characterized by increasing use of symbols and prelogical thought processes.
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preoperational stage
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The ability to use words, images, and symbols to represent the world.
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symbolic thought
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In Piaget's theory, the inability to take another person's perspective or point of view.
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egocentrism
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In Piaget's theory, the inability to mentally reverse a sequence of events or logical operations.
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irreversibility
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In Piaget's theory, the tendency to focus, or center, on only one aspect of a situation and ignore other important aspects of a situation.
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centration
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In Piaget's theory, the understanding that two equal quantities remain equal even though the form or appearance is rearranged, as long as nothing is added or subtracted.
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conservation
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In Piaget's theory, the third stage of cognitive development, which lasts from about age 7 to adolescence; characterized by the ability to think logically about concrete objects and situations.
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concrete operational stage
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In Piaget's theory, the fourth stage of cognitive development, which lasts from adolescence through adulthood; characterized by the ability to think logically about abstract principles and hypothetical situations.
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formal operational stage
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In Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development, the difference between what children can accomplish on their own and what they can accomplish with the help of others who are more competent.
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zone of proximal development
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The model that views cognitive development as a process that is continuous over the lifespan and that studies the development of basic mental processes such as attention, memory, and problem solving.
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information-processing model of cognitive development
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The stage of adolescence in which an individual reaches sexual maturity and becomes physiologically capable of sexual reproduction.
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puberty
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Sexual organs that are directly involved in reproduction, such as the uterus, ovaries, penis, and testicles.
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primary sex characteristics
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Sexual characteristics that develop during puberty and are not directly involved in reproduction but differentiate between the sexes, such as male facial hair and female breast development.
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secondary sex characteristics
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The period of accelerated growth during puberty, involving rapid increases in height and weight.
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adolescent growth spurt
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A female's first menstrual period, which occurs during puberty.
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menarche
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A person's definition or description of himself, including the values, beliefs, and ideals that guide the individual's behavior.
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identity
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The natural cessation of menstruation and the end of reproductive capacity in women.
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menopause
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The psychosocial theory that life satisfaction in late adulthood is highest when people maintain the level of activity they displayed earlier in life.
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activity theory of aging
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Parenting style in which parents are demanding and unresponsive toward their children's needs or wishes.
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authoritarian parenting style
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Parenting style in which parents are extremely tolerant and not demanding
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permissive parenting style
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Parenting style in which parents set clear standards for their children's behavior but are also responsive to their children's needs and wishes.
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authoritative parenting style
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A discipline technique that combines parental control with explaining why a behavior is prohibited.
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induction
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The theory that gender roles are acquired through the basic processes of learning, including reinforcement, punishment, and modeling.
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social learning theory of gender-role development
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The theory that gender role development is influenced by the formation of schemas, or mental representations, of masculinity and femininity.
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gender schema theory
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The transitional stage between late childhood and the beginning of adulthood, during which sexual maturity is reached.
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adolescence
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American psychologist who devised the Strange Situation procedure to measure attachment, contributed to attachment theory.
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Mary D. Salter Ainsworth
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Canadian-born psychologist whose studies of cognitive development during infancy using visual rather than manual tasks challenged beliefs about the age at which object permanence appears.
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Renee Baillargeon
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American psychologist who conducted extensive research on sex roles and gender identity; proposed gender schema theory to explain gender-role development.
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Sandra Lipsitz Bem
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German-born American psychologist who proposed an influential theory of psychological development throughout the lifespan.
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Erik Erikson
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Swiss child psychologist whose influential theory proposed that children progress through distinct stages of cognitive development.
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Jean Piaget
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Russian psychologist who stressed the importance of social and cultural influences in cognitive development.
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Lev Vygotsky
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