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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Personal awareness of mental activities, internal sensations, and the external environment.
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consciousness
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A cycle or rhythm that is roughly 24 hours long; the cyclical daily fluctuations in biological and psychological processes.
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circadian rhythm
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A cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus in the brain that governs the timing of circadian rhythms.
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suprachiasmatic nucleus
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A hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness.
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melatonin
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Type of sleep during which rapid eye movements (REM) and dreaming usually occur and voluntary muscle activity is suppressed; also called active sleep or paradoxical sleep.
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REM sleep
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Quiet, typically dreamless sleep in which rapid eye movements are absent; divided into four stages; also called quiet sleep.
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NREM sleep
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Brain-wave pattern associated with alert wakefulness.
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beta brain waves
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Brain-wave pattern associated with relaxed wakefulness and drowsiness.
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alpha brain waves
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Vivid sensory phenomena that occur during the onset of sleep.
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hypnagogic hallucinations
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Short bursts of brain activity that characterize stage 2 NREM sleep.
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sleep spindles
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Single but large high-voltage spike of brain activity that characterizes stage 2 NREM sleep.
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K complex
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A temporary condition in which a person is unable to move upon awakening in the morning or during the night.
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sleep paralysis
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A phenomenon in which a person who is deprived of REM sleep greatly increases the amount of time spent in REM sleep at the first opportunity to sleep uninterrupted.
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REM rebound
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The view that sleep and dreaming are essential to normal physical and mental functioning.
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restorative theory of sleep
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The view that unique sleep patterns of different animals evolved over time to help promote survival and environmental adaptation; also called the evolutionary theory of sleep.
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adaptive theory of sleep
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Serious disturbances in the normal sleep pattern that interfere with daytime functioning and cause subjective distress.
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sleep disorders
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A condition in which a person regularly experiences an inability to fall asleep, to stay asleep, or to feel adequately rested by sleep.
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insomnia
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A condition in which unpleasant sensations in the lower legs are accompanied by an irresistible urge to move the legs, temporarily relieving the unpleasant sensation but disrupting sleep.
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restless legs syndrome (RLS)
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A sleep disorder in which the person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep.
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sleep apnea
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A sleep disturbance characterized by an episode of walking or performing other actions during stage 3 or stage 4 NREM sleep; also called somnambulism
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sleepwalking
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A sleep disturbance characterized by an episode of increased physiological arousal, intense fear and panic, frightening hallucinations, and no recall of the episode the next morning; typically occurs during stage 3 or stage 4 NREM sleep; also called sleep terrors.
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night terrors
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A category of sleep disorders characterized by arousal or activation during sleep or sleep transitions; includes sleepwalking, night terrors, sleep bruxism, sleep related eating disorder, and REM sleep behavior disorder.
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parasomnias
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A sleep disorder in which the sleeper acts out his or her dreams.
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REM sleep behavior disorder
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A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and brief lapses into sleep throughout the day.
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narcolepsy
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A sudden loss of voluntary muscle strength and control that is usually triggered by an intense emotion.
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cataplexy
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Repetitive, bland and uncreative ruminations about real-life events during sleep.
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sleep thinking
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A storylike episode of mental imagery during sleep.
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dream
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A frightening or unpleasant anxiety dream that occurs during REM sleep.
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nightmare
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In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the elements of a dream that are consciously experienced and remembered by the dreamer.
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manifest content
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In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the unconscious wishes, thoughts, and urges that are concealed in the manifest content of a dream.
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latent content
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The theory that brain activity during sleep produces dream images (activation), which are combined by the brain into a dream story (synthesis).
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activation-synthesis model of dreaming
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A cooperative social interaction in which the hypnotized person responds to the hypnotist's suggestions with changes in perception, memory and behavior.
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hypnosis
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A suggestion made during hypnosis that a person should carry out a specific instruction following the hypnotic session.
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posthypnotic suggestion
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The inability to recall specific information because of a hypnotic suggestion.
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posthypnotic amnesia
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The supposed enhancement of a person's memory for past events through a hypnotic suggestion.
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hypermnesia
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A drug that alters consciousness, perception, mood, and behavior.
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psychoactive drug
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A condition in which a person has physically adapted to a drug so that he or she must take the drug regularly in order to avoid withdraw symptoms.
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physical dependence
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A condition in which increasing amounts of a physically addictive drug are needed to produce the original or desired effect.
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drug tolerance
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Unpleasant physical reactions, combined with intense drug cravings, that occur when a person abstains from a drug on which he or she is physically dependent.
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withdraw symptoms
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Withdraw symptoms that are the opposite of a physically addictive drug's actions.
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drug rebound effect
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Recurrent drug use that results in disruptions in academic, social, or occupational functioning or in legal or psychological problems.
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drug abuse
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A category of psychoactive drugs that depress or inhibit brain activity.
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depressants
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A category of depressant drugs that reduce anxiety and produce sleepiness.
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barbiturates
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Depressant drugs that relieve anxiety.
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tranquillizers
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A category of psychoactive drugs that increase brain activity, arouse behavior, and increase mental alertness.
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stimulants
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A stimulant drug found in coffee, tea, cola drinks, chocolate, and many over the counter medications.
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caffeine
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A stimulant drug found in tobacco products.
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nicotine
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A class of stimulant drugs that arouse the central nervous system and suppress appetite.
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amphetamines
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A stimulant drug derived from the coca tree.
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cocaine
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Schizophrenia-like symptoms that can occur as the result of prolonged amphetamine or cocaine use; also called amphetamine psychosis or cocaine psychosis
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stimulant-induced psychosis
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A category of psychoactive drugs that create sensory and perceptual distortions, alter mood, and affect thinking.
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psychedelic drugs
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A psychedelic drug derived from the peyote cactus.
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mescaline
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A synthetic psychedelic drug
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LSD
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A psychoactive drug derived from the hemp plant.
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marijuana
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Synthetic club drug that combines stimulant and mild psychedelic effects.
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MDMA
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Class of drugs that reduce sensitivity to pain and produce feelings of detachment and dissociation; includes the club drugs phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine.
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Dissociative anesthetics
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Feeling of grogginess on awakening that interferes with the ability to perform mental or physical tasks.
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sleep inertia
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