Digestive System

Front 1

3 muscle layers of stomach

Back 1

1) longitudinal muscle layer (outside)
2) circular muscle layer (middle)
3) oblique muscle layer (inner)

Front 2

gastric pit

Back 2

narrow channel

Front 3

mucous neck cells

Back 3

secretes mucus
protection
to preserve epithelial tissues of stomach form HCL acid

Front 4

parietal cells

Back 4

secrete HCL acids and intrinsic factor

Front 5

HCL acids

Back 5

1) denatures proteins
2) converts pepsinogen into pepsin

Front 6

intrinsic factor

Back 6

needed for absorption of vit. B12

Front 7

chief cells

Back 7

secrete pepsinogen (inactive form)

Front 8

the hepatic ducts (R & L)from the liver combine to form?

Back 8

the common hepatic duct

Front 9

common hepatic duct combines with the cystic duct from the GB to form?

Back 9

common bile duct

Front 10

the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct combine to form?

Back 10

hepatopancreatic ampulla

Front 11

the hepatopancreatic ampulla empties into the duodenum at ?

Back 11

major duodenal papilla

Front 12

emulsification

Back 12

the dispersion of large lipid globules to smaller, uniformly distributed particles in the presence of bile

Front 13

liver

Back 13

1) the largest organ w/i the abd. cavity
2) intraperitoneal
3) located in the right hypochondriac region

Front 14

superior portion of the liver is in contact with?

Back 14

the inferior portion of the diaphragm

Front 15

gallbladder is located in?

Back 15

the inferior portion of the liver

Front 16

four lobes of the liver

Back 16

1) right lobe
2) left lobe
3) quadrate lobe
4) caudate lobe

Front 17

which lobe is the largest?

Back 17

right lobe

Front 18

functions of the liver

Back 18

1) vascular
2) metabolic
3) secretory
4) excretory

Front 19

the functional unit of the liver

Back 19

liver lobule

Front 20

liver lobule

Back 20

constructed around a central vein

Front 21

sinusoids

Back 21

like channels
microscopic spaces or passages for blood in the liver

Front 22

sinusoids receives

Back 22

mixed blood from portal vein and hepatic artery

Front 23

portal triad (portal tract)

Back 23

1) bile duct
2) portal vein (deoxy. B, lots of nutrients)
3) hepatic artery (oxigenated B)

Front 24

blood flow through the liver and return

Back 24

1) hepatic artery (oxy) & hepatic portal vein (deoxy, nutrients rich)
2) liver sinusoids
3) central vein
4) hepatic vein (R & L)
5) inferior vena cava
6) right atrium of heart

Front 25

Kupffer cells in sinusoid

Back 25

1) phagocytes & defense
2) clean & filter microorganism

Front 26

hepatocytes

Back 26

1) liver cells
2) secrete bile

Front 27

sinusoids

Back 27

1) are flanked by the hepatic plates
2) receive blood from the small arterioles
3) always in contact with portal blood

Front 28

how much of blood the liver sinusoids receive per min.?

Back 28

total of 1.45L/min
(1.1 L from the portal vein & 350 ml form the arterial system)

Front 29

1.45 L/min. of blood equal to?

Back 29

1) 29 % of resting CO
2) 33 % of the total body blood flow

Front 30

Is liver expandable?

Back 30

Yes.
(ex) CHF pt (R. heart failure)- hepatomegaly

Front 31

How much of blood the liver normally store?

Back 31

450 ml of blood
(almost 10 % of the body's total blood volume)

Front 32

Kupffer cells

Back 32

1) clean the blood while it passes along the sinusoids
2) so, no more than 1 % of the bacteria enters the liver

Front 33

carbohydrates metabolism by the liver

Back 33

1) stores glycogen
2) converts fructose and galactose into glucose
3) gluconeogenesis
4) formation of many important chemical compounds in the carb. meta.

Front 34

sucrose

Back 34

glucose + fructose

Front 35

lactose

Back 35

glucose + galactose

Front 36

maltose

Back 36

glucose + glucose

Front 37

gluconeogenesis

Back 37

the conversion of certain AAs or lactic acids into glucose

Front 38

fat metabolism

Back 38

1) oxidation of fatty acids to supply energy
2) formation of most lipoproteins
3) synthesis of cholesterol and phospholipids
4) conversion of carbohydrates and proteins into fat

Front 39

~ 80 % of the cholesterol is converted into?

Back 39

bile salts

Front 40

energy yield of triglycerides

Back 40

9 Cal/g

Front 41

energy yield of carbohydrates

Back 41

4 Cal/g

Front 42

protein metabolism

Back 42

1) deamination of AAs
2) formation of urea
3) formation of plasma proteins
4) interconversions among the different AAs and other compounds

Front 43

deamination

Back 43

1) removal of the amino group from the AA
2) essential to use AAs
3) forms large amounts of ammonia

Front 44

ammonia is also formed by?

Back 44

bacteria in the GI tract

Front 45

the way to remove ammonia is by?

Back 45

uria formation
if ammonia [ ] increased = hepatic coma and death

Front 46

Cori cycle

Back 46

the recycling of lactic acid produced by muscle during anaerobic metabolism.
The LA is converted to glucose by the liver.

Front 47

90 % of all plasma proteins are formed in ?

Back 47

liver

Front 48

liver can synthesize non-essential AAs by using?

Back 48

transaminases

Front 49

the liver also stores

Back 49

1) vitamin A
2) vitamin D
3) vitamin B12
4) iron

Front 50

the liver forms a large proportion of the blood substances used in blood coagulation like

Back 50

1) fibrinogen
2) prothrombin
3) coag. factors 5,7,8,9,10,11,12,13

Front 51

liver is one of the major route to excrete

Back 51

Calcium into the bile to the feces