Digestion And Absorption

Front 1

Define digestion

Back 1

The process of conversion of complex food substances to simple absorbable forms is called digestion.

Front 2

Digestion is carried out by ____________ and ___________ methods

Back 2

Mechanical and biochemical

Front 3

Define Nutrition

Back 3

Process by which food is obtained or synthesized and used to promote body functions like growth, repair and energy.

Front 4

Nutrition is divided into _________ phases. They are :

Back 4

Five

Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Assimilation, Egestion (IDAAE)

Front 5

Biomolecules carried by

1. Blood

2. Lymph

Back 5

1. Glucose and Amino acids

2. Fatty acids and Glycerol

Front 6

1. Glucose

2. Amino acids

3. Fatty acids

4. Glycerol

These are carried through -

Back 6

1., 2. Blood

3., 4. Lymph

Front 7

Define nutrients

Back 7

Nutrients are substances which provide energy, regulate growth and development and normal functioning of the body

Front 8

Food substances include following nutrients -

Back 8

Water, Proteins, Fats, Minerals, Vitamins, Water, Roughage

Front 9

Types of nutrients with meaning and examples

Back 9

1. Macronutrients - Required in large quantities - Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats and water

2. Micronutrients - Required in small quantities - Minerals, vitamins and roughage

Front 10

Minerals are ____________ substances from sources like ______________, etc.

Back 10

Inorganic; Common salt, sea foods, leafy vegetables

Front 11

Who discovered and named vitamins?

Back 11

Dr. Casimir Funk

Front 12

Why are vitamins named so?

Back 12

They are vital amines required for vital life activities

Front 13

Vitamins are _____________ compounds regularly required in minutes quantities in diet for _____________.

Back 13

Organic; Normal metabolism, health and growth

Front 14

Classification of vitamins and examples

Back 14

1. Fat soluble : Vit. A, D, E, K i.e KEDA (कीडा)

2. Water soluble: Vit B-complex, C

Front 15

Which nutrients if in excess are not stored in body?

Back 15

Water and water soluble subs. i.e.

1. Water

2. Proteins (Amino acids)

3. Water soluble vitamins

Front 16

Human body contains _____% of water (_________% of body weight)

Back 16

65%, 60-80℅

Front 17

_____________ keeps protoplasm active.

Back 17

Water

Front 18

Water acts as an important ___________ for organic and inorganic nutrients.

Back 18

Solvent

Front 19

Water acts as an important solvent for many _______________ reactions

Back 19

Organic and inorganic

Front 20

_____________ is essential for various metabolic activities of the body.

Back 20

Water

Front 21

_____________ helps in transportation of useful substances.

Back 21

Water (blood)

Front 22

_____________ helps in removal of waste materials.

Back 22

Water (urine)

Front 23

Water helps in ___________ through sweat.

Back 23

Thermoregulation

Front 24

_____________ is required in many enzymatic reactions.

Back 24

Water

Front 25

Roughage is digestible/ indigestible?

Back 25

Indigestible

Front 26

Roughage consists of ______________.

Back 26

Cellulose fibres

Front 27

Use of Roughage

Back 27

Stimulates intestine, induces peristalsis, maintains proper bowel movements

Front 28

Adequate quantity of Roughage in the diet prevents ____________ and other complications arising from it like ______________________.

Back 28

Constipation;

1. Piles/ Hemorrhoids 2. Fissures 3. Fistula (due to strain)

Front 29

Piles is also known as __________.

Back 29

Hemorrhoids

Front 30

The best source of Roughage is ______________.

Back 30

Cabbage

Front 31

Sources of Roughage

Back 31

Leafy vegetables and

Fruits like GOT (tomato, guava, oranges)

Front 32

Define balanced diet

Back 32

Diet which contains all nutrients in proper proportion

Front 33

Give the percent composition of nutrients in a balanced diet

Back 33

60-70% Carbohydrates, 20-30% Fats, 10-20% proteins

Front 34

Food should include ____________ for a proper diets. (Names of food)

Back 34

Cereals, pulses, meat, fish, eggs, fresh vegetables and fruits

Front 35

A balanced diet provides enough energy in the form of ___________.

Back 35

Calories

Front 36

Give daily calories requirement for different types of people

Back 36

Older - 2500 cal / day

Growing children, young active - 3700 cal / day

Front 37

What is the protein requirement of an average adult and growing children?

Back 37

Adult - 1 gram per kg body weight per day

Child - 2 gram per kg body weight per day

Front 38

Alimentary canal is also called ____________.

Back 38

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Front 39

Alimentary canal is ___________ long.

Back 39

8-10 meters

Front 40

Alimentary canal consists of -

Back 40

Mouth, Buccal Cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus

Front 41

What is mouth?

Back 41

Anterior-most, transverse slit-like opening of alimentary canal

Front 42

Mouth leads to ___________ or __________.

Back 42

Buccal Cavity or oral cavity

Front 43

Buccal Cavity is lined by _________________. Give reason.

Back 43

Stratified Squamous.

For protection against pH, mechanical and temperature effect

Front 44

Buccal Cavity is laterally lines by ____________.

Back 44

Cheeks

Front 45

Roof of Buccal Cavity is formed of ______________ .

Back 45

Palate

Front 46

Palate is differentiated into __________ and ___________ (name, relative location, and made up of)

Back 46

1. Hard palate; anterior half; maxillae and Palatine bone

2. Soft palate; posterior half; muscle fibrous connective tissue and mucous epithelium

Front 47

Floor of Buccal Cavity is occupied by _______________.

Back 47

Tongue

Front 48

Mouth is bounded by _____________.

Back 48

Fleshy upper and lower lips

Front 49

Buccal Cavity is bounded by ______________ .

Back 49

Upper and lower jaws bearing teeth

Front 50

Salivary glands open into the __________.

Back 50

Mouth

Front 51

_______________ glands open into the mouth.

Back 51

Salivary

Front 52

Part of Buccal Cavity between gums and cheek is the ___________ , while rest is ___________.

Back 52

Vestibule, oral cavity

Front 53

Tongue is a ____________, __________ organ.

Back 53

Voluntary, muscular

Front 54

Shape of tongue

Back 54

Roughly triangular

Front 55

Tongue is attached by its base by _____________ and by ___________ to the floor of the mouth.

Back 55

Hyoid bone, vestibule

Front 56

On the upper surface of tongue, numerous projections are present called ____________.

Back 56

Papillae

Front 57

Papillae are present on _______________.

Back 57

Upper surface of tongue

Front 58

Types of papillae, shape and description

Back 58

1. Circumvallate - spherical - having taste buds

2. Filiform - hair like projection - no taste buds, but tactile receptors

3. Fungiform - irregular - having tase buds

4. Foliate - leaf like - not in humans

Front 59

Functions of tongue

Back 59

1. Mixing food with saliva

2. Deglutition (swallowing)

3. Helps in speech

4. Taste

Front 60

Swallowing is also known as ______________.

Back 60

Deglutition

Front 61

There are total ______ teeth in ____________ of adult human being

Back 61

32, Buccal cavity

Front 62

Each tooth has _______ regions

Back 62

3

Front 63

Name and describe regions of teeth

Back 63

Root - embedded in jaw bone

Crown - Visible portion above gums

Neck - Middle part surrounded by gums

Front 64

Which is the hardest substance of body and why?

Back 64

Crown, covered by hard coat called enamel

Front 65

Name and decribe parts of tooth

Back 65

1. Enamel - hardest substance of human body covering dentine in crown

2. Dentine - Bony part from pulp radiating to enamel

3. Cement - covers root of tooth

4. Periodontal ligament - fibrous cover if cement that fixes tooth to socket (gomphosis joint)

5. Pulp cavity - cavity within dentine containing mass of cells, blood vessels and nerves

Front 66

Most sensitive part of tooth is ___________. Give reason

Back 66

Pulp cavity because contains sensitive nerves

Front 67

Label the parts

Back 67

From top to bottom

Left - Crown, root

Right - Enamel, Dentine, Pulp, Gums, Bone, Root canal, nerves and blood vessels

Front 68

Define dentition

Back 68

Study of teeth with respect to their type, number, arrangement, development is known as dentition

Front 69

Aspects of study of teeth in dentition

Back 69

Type, number, arrangement, development (4)

Front 70

3 donts of Human type with meaning in short

Back 70

1. Heterodont - different types

2. Diphyodont - two sets

3. Thecodont - Tooth in socket

Front 71

Types of human teeth with function

Back 71

1. Heterodont - Cutting

2. Canines - Tearing

3. Premolars - Crushing

4. Molars - Grinding

Front 72

Dental formulae of humans at different ages

Back 72

I C PM M

Adults 2 1 2 3

Teens 2 1 2 2

Children 2 1 0 2

Front 73

Human teeth are __________dont because there are _____ sets of teeth. The first set of ____ teeth is known as _________ or _________ or _________ teeth. Second set of ______ teeth is called ____________ or ____________ dentition.

Back 73

Diphyodont, 2, 20, milk, deciduous, temporary, 32, adult, permanent

Front 74

Milk teeth set falls at age of __________.

Back 74

7-8 years

Front 75

In human teeth, ____________ are absent

Back 75

Premolars

Front 76

Human teeth are embedded in the sockets of ________ and __________.

Back 76

Maxilla, Mandibles

Front 77

Buccal Cavity leads to __________ which is common passage for _________.

Back 77

Oro-pharynx, air and food

Front 78

____________ and __________ open in pharynx.

Back 78

Trachea and oesophagus

Front 79

Anterior end of trachea is called ___________ and anterior end of oesophagus is called ___________.

Back 79

Glottis, gullet

Front 80

Glottis is guarded by cartilaginous flap called _____________.

Back 80

Epiglottis

Front 81

Function of epiglottis

Back 81

Prevents entry of food into glottis of respiratory system, when food is swallowed

Front 82

Epiglottis is usually closed - correct the sentence

Back 82

False

Epiglottis closes glottis (glottis gets closed) when we swallow, otherwise usually open for breathing

Front 83

Length of oesophagus

Back 83

25 cm

Front 84

Oesophagus starts at ________, passes through __________ (with relative location).

Back 84

Pharynx, neck behind trachea

Front 85

Structure of oesophagus below neck

Back 85

Passes through thoracic cavity, pierces diaphragm and curves upwards before opening into stomach

Front 86

Oesophagus is made of _____________ and _____________ muscles.

Back 86

Outer longitudinal, inner circular

Front 87

Oesophagus is internally lined by _____________, which ____________.

Back 87

Mucous secreting cells, lubricates passage of food

Front 88

Which organ of alimentary canal has the thickest muscular layer? Why?

Back 88

Stomach, maximum peristalsis

Front 89

Structure and shape of stomach

Back 89

Bag like, J shaped structure present on left side of the abdomen below diaphragm

Front 90

Length and orientation of stomach

Back 90

25 cm, obliquely placed

Front 91

3 parts of stomach

Back 91

1. Cardiac

2. Fundus

3. Pyloric stomach / Pylorus

Front 92

Describe Cardiac

Back 92

Cardiac is anterior part of stomach into which oesophagus opens

Front 93

Fundus is also called

Back 93

Body of stomach

Front 94

Describe Fundus

Back 94

The middle part which bulges upwards

Front 95

Describe pyloric stomach

Back 95

Narrow posterior part of stomach that opens into duodenum

Front 96

Opening of stomach in cardiac stomach is guarded by _____________ (with alternate names)

Back 96

Lower oesophagus/ cardiac/ gastro-oesophageal sphincter

Front 97

Open of pyloric stomach into duodenum is guarded by ______________.

Back 97

Pyloric sphincters

Front 98

Functions of

1. Cardiac sphincter

2. Pyloric sphincter

Back 98

1. Prevents regurgitation (back flow) of food into Buccal Cavity

2. Regulates passage if food in intestine

Front 99

Vomiting is due to ____________ of food.

Back 99

Regurgitation

Front 100

Dimensions of small intestine

Back 100

6m long, 2.5 cm broad

Front 101

The coiled loops of small intestine are held together by _______________ called ______________, supporting ____________.

Back 101

connective tissue membrane; mesentries; blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves

Front 102

Parts of small intestine

Back 102

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum (इलिअम) .... (DJ Ileum)

Front 103

Location, shape and length of duodenum

Back 103

Anterior, U shaped, 25 cm long

Front 104

Location, shape, length and relative broadness of jejunum

Back 104

Median part of intestine, coiled, 2.5 metres long, narrower tham duodenum

Front 105

Location, shape, length and relative broadness of jejunum

Back 105

Posterior part of small intestine, highly coiled, 3.5 metres, little border than jejunum

Front 106

_______________ opens into large intestine

Back 106

Ileum

Front 107

Relative broadness of parts of small intestine

Back 107

Duodenum > Ileum > Jejunum

Front 108

Length of large intestine

Back 108

1.5 metres

Front 109

Diameter of lumen of large intestine

Back 109

6.5 cm

Front 110

Correct the sentence

Diameter of large intestine is 6.5 cm

Back 110

Diameter of lumen of large intestine is 6.5 cm

Front 111

What are the parts of large intestine?

Back 111

Caecum, colon, rectum

Front 112

Into what is colon differentiated?

Back 112

Ascending, Transverse, Descending, Sigmoid colon

Front 113

____________ colon continues to become rectum.

Back 113

Sigmoid

Front 114

Colon is internally lined by ____________ for ___________.

Back 114

Mucous secreting cells, easy passage of food

Front 115

The junction of Ileum and caecum is known as ___________ having ____________.

Back 115

Ileocaecal junction, ileocaecal valve

Front 116

At the junction of Ileum and colon there is _____________. (Structure and name)

Back 116

Blind pouch named caecum

Front 117

Caecum hosts some ____________. For example, ___________ live in colon which feed on ________________ and in turn produce _______________.

Back 117

Symbiotic microbes, E. coli, undigested matter, vitamins B12, B1, B2 and K

Front 118

Caecum bears a short worm like projection called ____________ which is ____________ in man.

Back 118

Vermiform appendix, vestigial organ

Front 119

Appendix is functional in ______________ animals for ____________ as it ______________.

Back 119

Herbivorous, digestion of cellulose, secretes cellulase

Front 120

Appendix is functional in ______________ animals for ____________ as it ______________.

Back 120

Herbivorous, digestion of cellulose, secretes cellulase

Front 121

Thinnest muscular layer in alimentary canal is found in ____________ for _____________.

Back 121

Rectum, minimum peristalsis

Front 122

Rectum opens to exterior through __________.

Back 122

Anus

Front 123

Anus is guarded by ____________ which helps in _____________ elimination of undigested matter.

Back 123

Sphincter, voluntary

Front 124

Names of digestive glands with macroscopic visibility

Back 124

1. Salivary

2. Liver

3. Pancreas

4. Gastric

5. Intestinal

1-3 Visible 4,5 - Not Visible

Front 125

Salivary glands are ___________ types of Glandular glands.

Back 125

Alveolar, Multicellular

Front 126

Types of salivary glands with location and number

Back 126

1. Sublingual - below tongue

2. Submandibular - below lower jaw

3. Parotid - in front of Ear

2 each

Front 127

The largest salivary glands type is _________.

Back 127

Parotid glands

Front 128

Salivary cells secrete __________.

Back 128

Saliva

Front 129

Two types of secretory cells in salivary glands with secretion

Back 129

1. Serous cells - Salivary amylase (ptyalin)

2. Mucous cells - mucous

Front 130

Saliva also contains lysozyme to ______________.

Back 130

Cause lysis of ingested bacterial cell wall

Front 131

Function of saliva

Back 131

Binds food and makes it slippery so that it can be easily swallowed. (In formation of bolus)

Front 132

Saliva is secreted due to the stimuli -

Back 132

1. Smell

2. Sight

3. Thought

4. Touch

Of food

Front 133

Name the first two largest organs in human body

Back 133

1st - Skin

2nd - Liver

Front 134

Which is the largest exocrine gland in body?

Back 134

Liver

Front 135

Liver is ___________ in colour, weighing ______ in ______.

Back 135

Dark reddish brown, 1.5 kg, adults

Front 136

Location of liver in human body

Back 136

Below diaphragm on right side

Front 137

Number, names and relative size lobes of liver

Back 137

2 lobes

Right lobe - 5/6 of liver

Left lobe - 1/6 of liver

Front 138

In between two lobes of liver, lies a ________ (shape) like structure called ________.

Back 138

Sac/bag, gall bladder

Front 139

Liver is externally covered by ______________ called _____________.

Back 139

Thin connective tissue layer, Glisson's capsules

Front 140

Capsule layer enters in liver in form of ____________ and forms ___________.

Back 140

Septa, lobules

Front 141

Internally, liver contains many _____________ units called _______________.

Back 141

Hexagonal, hepatic lobules

Front 142

In between hepatic lobules is connective tissue containing ______________ and ________________.

Back 142

Blood vessels, bile ducts

Front 143

Each hepatic lobule has a ________________ around which are arranged _______________.

Back 143

central vein, single rows of hepatic cords.

Front 144

Hepatic cords are made of _____________.

Back 144

Hepatic cells.

Front 145

Hepatic cells are polygonal cells with ______________ cytoplasm which stores ____________ and ___________.

Back 145

distinct nuclei and granular, glycogen, fat droplets

Front 146

Hepatic cells are hexagonal in shape - True or False giving reason

Back 146

False. Hepatic cells are polygonal in shape

Front 147

Hepatic cells secrete _____________ which is collected by ______________ which carries it to _______________.

Back 147

Bile, bile capillary, bile duct

Front 148

Bile duct opens into ____________ which deposits bile into gall bladder.

Back 148

Hepatic duct

Front 149

Hepatic cords enclose ______________ blood vessels called _____________.

Back 149

Large irregular, Sinusoids

Front 150

Sinusoids are surrounded by __________________. What is their function?

Back 150

Amoeboid/ Kuppfer cells

Function - they are phagocytic. Remove toxins from blood and destroy dead RBCs

Front 151

Duct from gall bladder is known as ______________.

Back 151

Cystic duct

Front 152

Cystic and hepatic duct unite to form ___________

Back 152

Common hepatic duct

Front 153

Common hepatic duct and pancreatic duct unite to form ___________.

Back 153

Hepato-pancreatic duct / ampulla of Vater

Front 154

Opening of ampulla of Vater into _____________ is guarded by ______________.

Back 154

Duodenum, sphincter of Oddi

Front 155

4 names of scientists related to liver

Back 155

Glisson, Kuppfer, Vater, Oddi

Front 156

Bile helps in _____________ of Fats.

Back 156

Emulsification

Front 157

Liver synthesizes Vitamin ____.

Back 157

A

Front 158

Liver stores -

Back 158

1. Excess glucose in form of glycogen

2. Fat

3. Vitamins A,D,E,K,B12

4. Iron

Front 159

In liver, ________ of amino acids are _________ to form __________.

Back 159

Excess, deaminated, urea

Front 160

Excess of amino acids are deaminated in _____________.

Back 160

Liver

Front 161

Precursors for thrombin and fibrin

Back 161

Prothrombin, Fibrinogen

Front 162

____________ proteins like ___________ are formed in Liver.

Back 162

Plasma, Prothrombin, Fibrinogen, Heparin

Front 163

Classify as Coagulant or Anticoagulant

Thrombin, Fibrin, Heparin

Back 163

Thrombin, Fibrin - Coagulant

Heparin - Anticoagulant

Front 164

Bile neutralizes -

Back 164

Toxic substances (drugs and alcohols), HCl of chyme

Front 165

Liver produces RBCs in ___________ and destroys RBCs in ___________.

Back 165

Early foetal stage, adults

Front 166

Formation of blood is known as ____________.

Back 166

Haemopoiesis/ Hematopoiesis

Front 167

Liver and spleen are red coloured due to __________

Back 167

RBCs

Front 168

RBCs destroy RBCs and convert _____________ into ____________ and ____________ which give _________ color to bile.

Back 168

Haemoglobin, Bilirubin, Biliverdin, yellow

Front 169

The _____________ refers to the liver, gall bladder and bile ducts, and how they work together to make, store and secrete bile.

Back 169

Biliary tree

Front 170

Name the following disorders of liver

1. Inflammation

2. Increase in size

3. Very very high fat

4. Shrunken size

Back 170

1. Hepatitis

2. Hepatomegaly

3. Fatty Liver

4. Liver cirrhosis

Front 171

Pancreas is a ____________ type of gland.

Back 171

Tubulo-alveolar heterocrine

Front 172

Structure, shape and location of pancreas

Back 172

Lobed, leaf shaped, in loop of duodenum

Front 173

Two parts of Pancreas with percent

Back 173

Endocrine (99%) and exocrine (1%)

Front 174

Exocrine part of pancreas is made of structures called ___________ or _________. They are __________ shaped.

Back 174

Follicles, Acini, flask

Front 175

Acini are made up of _______________ , which are __________ (type) and ___________ in shape.

Back 175

Follicular cells, Glandular, pyramidal

Front 176

Follicular cells of pancreas rest on _____________ and enclose cavity called ___________.

Back 176

Basement membrane, lumen

Front 177

Acini produce ______________.

Back 177

Pancreatic juice

Front 178

Location of endocrine part of pancreas

Back 178

In between Acini

Front 179

Types of endocrine cells of pancreas with secretion and it's effect

Back 179

1. Alpha - Glucagon - ⬆️Blood sugar lvl.

2. Beta - Insulin - ⬇️Blood sugar lvl.

3. Delta - Somatostatin - Control on Glucagon or Insulin by inhibition

Front 180

Other constituents of pancreas excepts the secretory cells

Back 180

Endocrine and exocrine parts are held together by connective tissue. Also found are blood capillaries and nerve endings

Front 181

Mention the layers of stomach

Back 181

From outer to inner

Serosa, Muscularis, Submucosa, Mucosa Muscularis, Mucosa

Front 182

Which tissue layer is spongy?

Back 182

Sub-mucosa

Front 183

Structure and function of serosa

Back 183

Outermost single layer of Squamous epithelial cells with thin layer of connective tissue

Function: Outermost protective layer

Front 184

Serosa is made up mostly of which type of tissue?

Back 184

Single layer of Squamous epithelial cells

Front 185

Oblique muscles are only found in _____________ for __________.

Back 185

Stomach, churning

Front 186

Sub- layers of Muscularis

Back 186

Outer longitudinal, Middle circular, Inner oblique

Front 187

Thickest sub layer of Muscularis of stomach

Back 187

Oblique muscles

Front 188

Where are Auerbach's and Meissner's plexa found?

Back 188

Auerbach's - Stomach - between longitudinal and circular muscles of Muscularis

Meissner's - Intestine - in connective tissue between Mucosa and muscularis

Front 189

Other name of Auerbach's plexus?

Back 189

Myenteric plexus

Front 190

What is a plexus?

Back 190

Network of neurons and ANS fibres in between layers of stomach and intestine

Front 191

What are the names of plexa in the stomach and intestine?

Back 191

Front 192

Thickest layer of stomach

Back 192

Muscularis

Front 193

Function of sub-mucosa

Back 193

Contains blood vessels, lymphatics, nerve endings. Supports mucosa

Front 194

Which layer of stomach is thrown into folds? What are the folds called?

Back 194

Mucosa, Rugae

Front 195

Constituents of mucosa -

Back 195

1. Lining of columnar epithelium forming gastric gland

2. Lamina Propria, a layer of connective tissue containing gastric glands

3. Muscularis mucosa - layer of smooth muscle fibres

Front 196

Muscularis mucosa is part of _____________.

Back 196

Stomach/Intestinal Mucosa

Front 197

Layers of sub-mucosa

Back 197

Outer longitudinal, Inner circular

Front 198

What is the layer of connective tissue containing gastric glands?

Back 198

Lamina Propria

Front 199

Inner epithelium of stomach forms ___________________.

Back 199

Walls of depressions (gastric pits)

Front 200

The walls of depressions (______________) in stomach form _______________.

Back 200

Gastric pits, gastric glands

Front 201

Gastric glands are _______________ structures. They are closely set and embedded ______________ in _____________.

Back 201

Simple, tubular, vertically, sub-mucosa

Front 202

Gastric glands are (open/closed) on surface of mucosa.

Back 202

Open

Front 203

Parts and description of parts of gastric gland

Back 203

1. Neck - Narrow consisting of tall cells

2. Body - Oval consisting of cubical cells

Front 204

Types of cells in walls of gastric glands with function

Back 204

1. Mucus secretary - secrete mucous

2. Chief/ peptic/ zymogen cells - secrete pepsinogen, prorennin, small amounts of gastric amylase and gastric lipase

3. Parietal/ Oxyntic - large oval cells bulging out of mucous membrane. Secrete HCl and Castle's

Castle's Intrinsic factor

4. Gastrin/ G cells - located in pyloric antrum - secrete gastrin

5. Argentaffin cells - located at base of glands and secrete serotonin (vasoconstrictor)

Front 205

Other names for chief cells

Back 205

Peptic/Zymogen cells

Front 206

Function of Intrinsic factor

Back 206

Absorption of Vit. B12

Front 207

Layers of intestine

Back 207

From outer to inner Serosa, Muscularis, Submucosa, outer rilsdio

Front 208

Mucous of intestine is thrown into _____________ folds which extend into _____________.

Back 208

Circular, submucosa

Front 209

Each fold of intestinal mucosa is thrown into Number of ___________ called _______.

Back 209

Finger like projection, Villi

Front 210

The core of each villus is made up of ________________ called _____________ containing _______________.

Back 210

Connective tissue, tunica propria, blood capillaries and lymph vessels

Front 211

The epithelial cells of mucosa (except goblet cells) show _____________ of numerous ______________.

Back 211

Striated/ brush border, microvilli

Front 212

All epithelial cells of mucosa show brush border - True or False giving reason

Back 212

False - The epithelial cells of mucosa (except goblet cells) show brush border

Front 213

Use of microvilli?

Back 213

Increase surface area

Front 214

Villi are supplied with _____________ and _____________ called ____________.

Back 214

Network of capillaries, large lymph vessels, lymph lacteal

Front 215

Color of lymph lacteal

Back 215

Yellow

Front 216

Internal surface area of intestine is greatly increased by ____________, ____________ and _____________ which is essential for _____________.

Back 216

Mucosal folds, villi, microvilli, absorption

Front 217

Location of intestinal glands

Back 217

At intervals between villi

Front 218

Mucus is also known as ___________.

Back 218

Mucin

Front 219

Types of intestinal glands with glandular structure and extent

Back 219

1. Crypts of Lieberkuhn - Simple tubular - extend into tunica propria upto Muscularis mucosa

2. Brunner's Gland - compound tubular glands as large grape like structures - extend upto sub-mucosa

Front 220

Types of cells lining crypts of Lieberkuhn with function

Back 220

1. Striated columnar epithelial cells - Absorption

2. Goblet cells - secrete mucus

3. Paneth cells - secrete digestive enzymes and lysozyme

4. Argentaffin cells - secrete hormones like secretin, cholecystokinin

Front 221

Describe secretion of Brunner's gland

Back 221

Alkaline water fluid containing mucin and some enzymes

Front 222

Location of Brunner's glands

Back 222

Duodenum ONLY

Front 223

Secretion of Crypts of Lieberkuhn and Brunner's Gland together form the ________________.

Back 223

Intestinal juice or succus entericus

Front 224

What stimulate Brunner's Gland for secretion?

Back 224

Vagus nerve and secretin

Front 225

Vagus nerve is ____________ nerve (number and type of nerve)

Back 225

10th cranial

Front 226

What protect intestinal mucosa from acid as well as provide alkaline medium for enzyme activities?

Back 226

Pancreas - 1. Mucus 2. HCO3 minus

Brunner's Gland

Front 227

Brunner's Gland is also known as

Back 227

Sub- mucosal Gland

Front 228

Two types of digestion with meaning

Back 228

1. Physical / Mechanical - Large size to small size by mastication, churning

2. Chemical - Large to small molecular dimensions by action of enzymes

Front 229

Mastication is done in _____________.

Back 229

Oral cavity

Front 230

Two major functions of Buccal cavity

Back 230

1. Mastication of food

2. Facilitation of swallowing

Front 231

The ____________ with help of ____________ masticate and mix up food thoroughly.

Back 231

Teeth and tongue, saliva

Front 232

Mucus in saliva helps in _______________ and ______________ the masticated food particles.

Back 232

Lubricating and swallowing

Front 233

After mastication, ______________ is then conveyed into pharynx and them oesophagus.

Back 233

Bolus

Front 234

Mechanism of swallowing

Back 234

Action of tongue - Presses against palate - bolus pushed downward into oesophagus through pharynx

Front 235

Composition of Saliva

Back 235

1. Salivary amylase (ptyalin)

2. Electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-)

3. Lysozyme

Front 236

Function of saliva w.r.t. bicarbonate

Back 236

Bicarbonates in saliva neutralize acids in food

Front 237

Action of salivary amylase

Back 237

Converts 30% starch into simpler soluble disaccharide sugar - maltose in 6.8 acidic pH

Front 238

Percentage starch hydrolysed in mouth

Back 238

30%

Front 239

pH required for action of ptyalin

Back 239

6.8 acidic

Front 240

When are we aware of our food?

Back 240

When it is in mouth cavity until we swallow it

Front 241

Meaning of Peristalsis

Back 241

Successive waves of contraction and relaxation

Front 242

Secretion of stomach is promoted by hormone __________ and controlled by ___________.

Back 242

Gastrin; sight, smell, taste of food

Front 243

Secretion of stomach is ____________ by hormone gastrin and ____________ by sight, smell, taste of food.

Back 243

promoted, controlled

Front 244

When does pyloric sphincter open?

Back 244

When acidity of food reaches a certain level

Front 245

What is chyme?

Back 245

Food mixed thoroughly with gastric juice by churning movement

Front 246

Composition of gastric juice

Back 246

Mucous, pepsinogen, rennin, 0.5% (percentage in gastric juice not concentration) mucus

Front 247

Stomach stores food for ___________

Back 247

4-5 hours

Front 248

____________ and __________ present in the gastric juice play an important role in lubrication and protection of the mucosal epithelium from excoriation by the highly concentrated hydrochloric acid.

Back 248

Mucus, bicarbonates

Front 249

function of mucus and bicarbonates in stomach

Back 249

Lubrication and protection of the mucosal epithelium from excoriation by the highly concentrated hydrochloric acid

Front 250

Lipases are secreted by __________.

Back 250

Mainly PANCREAS, but also STOMACH in small amounts

Front 251

Functions of HCl in stomach (6)

Back 251

1. Kills bacteria

2. Dissolves mineral salts

3. Decalcifies bones

4. Acidic pH (1.8) optimal for pepsin

5. Softens food

6. Stop action of salivary amylase

Front 252

Which nutrient(s) are not digested in stomach?

Back 252

Carbohydrates

Front 253

Which is the proteolytic enzyme of stomach?

Back 253

Pepsin

Front 254

Formation of pepsin

Back 254

Proenzyme pepsinogen on exposure to HCl gets converted to active enzyme pepsin

Front 255

Action of pepsin

Back 255

Pepsin/ Acidic Med.

Proteins --------------------------> Proteoses + Peptones

Front 256

Proteoses and Peptones are

Back 256

Peptides

Front 257

Name a gastric enzyme which is more active in adults? State it's action

Back 257

Rennin (check spelling, it's not renin)

Converts casein in milk into paracasein

Rennin/ Acidic Med.

Casein -------------------------> Paracasein

Front 258

Paracasein is further digested by _____________.

Back 258

Pepsin

Front 259

Fate of casein in adults

Back 259

Usually not utilized

Front 260

Components of Pancreatic juice

Back 260

1. Trypsinogen

2. Chymotrypsinogen

3. Procarboxypeptidase

4. Pancreatic amylase/ Amylopsin

5. Pancreatic Lipase/ Steapsin

6. Nuclease

Front 261

Trypsin is activated into ______________ by _____________.

Back 261

Trypsin, Enterokinase

Front 262

Functions of trypsin

Back 262

1. Proteins, Proteoses, Peptones to polypeptides

2. Chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin

3. Procarboxypeptidase to Carboxypeptidase

Front 263

Erypsin is a ______________.

Back 263

Dipeptidase

Front 264

Mechanism of digestion of proteins in intestine

Back 264

A

Front 265

Mechanism of digestion of carbohydrates in intestine

Back 265

A

Front 266

Mechanism of digestion of fats in intestine

Back 266

A

Front 267

Mechanism of digestion of nucleic acids in intestine

Back 267

A

Front 268

Digestion of nutrients completed in _________________

Back 268

Duodenum

Front 269

Acidity of food stimulates mucosa of ____________ to secrete hormones

Back 269

Duodenum

Front 270

Color of bile

Back 270

Yellowish green

Front 271

Enzymes in bile.

Back 271

Nil. It is devoid of enzymes.

Front 272

Composition of bile

Back 272

Bile pigments, H2O, cholesterol, phospholipids, bile salts

Front 273

Function of bile salts

Back 273

Help in breaking down oil droplets into small globules/ micelles forming milky emulsion (emulsification) to facilitate further digestion of fats

Front 274

Names and function of Bile pigments

Back 274

Bilirubin, Biliverdin

Give colour to faeces and urine

Front 275

2 most important functions of bile

Back 275

1. Activates lipases

2. Neutralizes acidic chyme

Front 276

How do Bilirubin and Biliverdin give colour to faeces and urine?

Back 276

They decompose into stercobilin and urobilin- urochrome

1. Bilirubin - Stercobilin - Not absorbable - colour to faeces

2. Biliverdin - Urobilin/ urochrome - Absorbable - colour to urine

Front 277

Food is completely digested in duodenum into __________ form called ___________, which is further subjected to ______________.

Back 277

Liquid, chyle, absorption

Front 278

Other names for pancreatic amylase and pancreatic lipase resp.

Back 278

Amylopsin and Steapsin resp.

Front 279

Other name for Amylopsin and Steapsin resp.

Back 279

Pancreatic amylase and pancreatic lipase resp.

Front 280

Major absorption occurs in _______________.

Back 280

Jejunum

Front 281

Substances absorbed by

1. Simple diffusion

2. Facilitated diffusion

3. Active transport

Back 281

1. Glucose , some amino acids, some electrolytes (3)

2. Fructose, some amino acids (2)

3. Amino acids, monosaccharides like glucose, electrolytes like Na+ (3)

Front 282

Simple substances are absorbed in _____________ and _____________.

Back 282

Jejunum, Ileum

Front 283

Transport of water depends on _________________.

Back 283

Concentration gradient

Front 284

Egestion is caused by ________________.

Back 284

Mass peristaltic movement

Front 285

Enterokinase is secreted by ______________.

Back 285

Intestinal mucosa

Front 286

Function of ileocaecal valve

Back 286

Prevent back flow of faecal matter into small intestine

Front 287

Function of ileocaecal valve

Back 287

Prevent back flow of faecal matter into small intestine

Front 288

Back 288

B

Front 289

pH in intestine

Back 289

Alkaline 8.4

Front 290

Names of bile salts

Back 290

Sodium bicarbonate, sodium glycocholate, sodium taurocholate

Front 291

Nucleotidases are also known as _________________

Back 291

Nucleophosphatases

Front 292

Mention which part of villus absorbs the following

1. Simple sugars

2. Amino acids

3. Fatty acids

4. Glycerol

Back 292

1, 2 - Blood vessels

3, 4 - Lymph lacteals

Front 293

Why cannot fatty acids and glycerol be absorbed by blood?

Back 293

They are water insoluble

Front 294

How can fatty acids and glycerol absorbed?

Back 294

1. Incorporated into small droplets called micelles

2. Move into intestinal mucosa

3. Reformed into very small protein coated fat globules called chylomicrons

4. Transported to lymph lacteals

5. Release into blood stream

Front 295

Mention the substances absorbed by -

1. Mouth

2. Stomach

3. Small Intestine

4. Large intestine

Back 295

1. Drugs in contact with mouth mucosa and lower side of tongue

2. Water, simple sugars, alcohol, aspirin, lipid soluble drugs

3. Principal organ - All

4. Water, minerals, drugs

Front 296

Brown colour of faeces is due to -

Back 296

Stercobilinogen, Stercobilin

Front 297

Foul smell or faeces is due to -

Back 297

Indole, Sagale, H2S

Front 298

In large intestine, secretion of ___________ helps in --

Back 298

Mucus, adhering waste undigested particles together and lubricating of easy passage

Front 299

Hormones of Gastrointestinal Tract

Back 299

1. Gastrin 2. Secretin 3. Pancreozymin 4. Cholecystokinin (CCK) 5. Enterogasteron/ Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP) 6. Duocrinin 7. Enterokinin 8. Vilikinin

Front 300

Sources of -

1. Gastrin 2. Secretin 3. Pancreozymin 4. Cholecystokinin (CCK) 5. Enterogasteron/ Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP) 6. Duocrinin 7. Enterokinin 8. Vilikinin

Back 300

1. G/ Argentaffin cells of pyloric gastric glands 2. S cells of duodenum and Jejunum 3. Duodenum 4. I cells of duodenum 5,6. Duodenum 7,8. Small intestine

Front 301

Effect of gastrin

Back 301

⬆️️ HCl, Pepsinogen, Prorennin, cardiac and pyloric sphincter movement

Stimulates stomach emptying

Front 302

Effect of secretin

Back 302

Stimulates release of NaHCO3 fluid from pancreas and liver

Front 303

Pancreozymin

Back 303

⬆️ Pancreatic juice

Front 304

Effect of CCK

Back 304

Stimulates gall bladder cont. to release bile

Relax sphincter of Oddi

⬆️Bile secretion

Front 305

Effect of GIP

Back 305

Inhibit gastrin (Opp effects)

Front 306

Effect of Duocrinin

Back 306

⬆️ mucus from Brunner's gland

Front 307

Effect of Enterokinin

Back 307

⬆️ intestinal enzymes by crypts

Front 308

Effect of vilikinin

Back 308

⬆️ Movement of villi for ⬆️ absorption

Front 309

Define gross calorific value. Give its unit

Back 309

The amount of heat liberated by complete combustion of 1 gram food in a Bomb calorimeter is termed as gross calorific value.

Kcal/g

Front 310

Define physiological value of food

Back 310

The actual energy produced by 1 gram of food is its physiological value

Front 311

Give the gross calorific value and physiological value of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates

Back 311

Food - Gross calorific - Physiological

Fats - 9.45 - 9.0

Protein - 5.65 - 4.0

Carbohydrates - 4.1 - 4.0

Front 312

Kwashiorkor is seen in ______________.

Back 312

Infants and children between 1 to 3 years of age

Front 313

Nutritional deficiency diseases are caused due to _______________.

Back 313

Lack of Proteins, vitamins, minerals in diet

Front 314

Basic causes of Kwashiorkor

Back 314

Ignorance, poverty, infectious diseases like intestinal diseases, respiratory infection, Measles, diarrhoea, etc

Front 315

Vomit centre is at _____________.

Back 315

Centre of medulla