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175 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Developmental science |
Study of constancy and change throughout the lifespan |
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Theory |
Orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explains, and predicts behavior |
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Basic issues in development |
Continuous or discontinuous? One course of development or many? Relative influence of nature and nurture? |
3 questions |
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Contexts of development |
Unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances can result in different paths of change |
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Development as a Dynamic System |
Ongoing process from conception to death. Molded by biological, psychological, and social influences |
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Lifespan perspective |
Development is lifelong, multidimensional and multidirectional, highly plastic, influenced by multiple interacting forces |
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Infancy and toddlerhood period |
Birth - 2 yrs |
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Early childhood period |
2-6 yrs |
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Middle childhood |
6-12 yrs |
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Adolescence |
11-18 yrs |
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Early adulthood |
18-40 yrs |
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Middle adulthood |
40-65 yrs |
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Late adulthood |
65-death |
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Major domains of development |
Physical, cognitive, emotional, social |
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3 influences on development |
Age-graded, history-graded, nonnormative |
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Factors in resilience |
Personal characteristics, warm parental relationship, social support outside family, community resources and opportunities |
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Hall & Gesell |
Normative approach |
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Binet |
Mental testing movement |
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Normative approach |
Child study movement, development as maturational process |
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Theory of evolution |
Natural selection, survival of the fittest |
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Mental testing movement |
First successful intelligence test (Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale), in forefront of nature-nurture controversy |
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Psychoanalytic perspective |
Freud and Erikson. Emphasis on individual's unique life history, conflicts between biological drives and social expectations |
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Freud - Id |
Largest portion of mind, unconscious, source of biological needs and desires |
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Freud - Ego |
Conscious, rational part of personality, emerges in early infancy, redirects id impulses in acceptable way |
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Freud - Superego |
The conscience, develops from ages 3-6 through interactions with caregivers |
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Freud's psychosexual stages |
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital |
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Erikson's stages - birth-1 yr |
Basic trust vs. mistrust |
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Erikson's stages - 1-3 yrs |
Autonomy vs. shame/doubt |
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Erikson's stages - 3-6 yrs |
Initiative vs. guilt |
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Erikson's stages - 6-11 yrs |
Industry vs. inferiority |
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Erikson's stages - adolescence |
Identity vs. role confusion |
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Erikson's stages - early adulthood |
Intimacy vs. isolation |
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Erikson's stages - middle adulthood |
Generativity vs. stagnation |
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Erikson's stages - late adulthood |
Integrity vs. despair |
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Classical conditioning |
Stimulus-response |
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Operant conditioning |
Reinforcers and punishments |
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Social learning theory |
Social-cognitive approach |
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Behaviorism and social learning theory contributions and limitations |
Contributions: behavior modification, modeling/observational learning Limitations: narrow view of environmental influences, underestimates individual's active role |
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Piaget's stages |
Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational |
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Cognitive-developmental theory |
Piaget. Children actively construct knowledge by manipulating and exploring their world |
Who and what |
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Ethology |
Adaptive value and evolutionary history of behavior. Critical period, sensitive period |
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Sensitive period |
Optimal time for development of certain capacities. Time when individual is especially responsive to environmental influences |
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Evolutionary developmental psychology |
Adaptive value of cognitive, emotional, and social competencies as they change with age |
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Vygotsky |
Sociocultural theory - transmission of values, beliefs, customs, and skills of a culture to next generation |
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Bronfenbrenner |
Ecological systems theory. Microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem |
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Microsystem |
Interaction patterns in person's immediate surroundings |
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Mesosystem |
Connections between Microsystems |
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Psychoanalytic perspective definition |
people move through series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations
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Erikson |
psychosocial, normal development is situational to culture |
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Behaviorism - who and what |
Watson & Skinner, study of directly observable events, classical conditioning and operant conditioning |
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Bandura |
Social learning theory, Social-congnitive, children become more selective in what they imitate |
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Piaget |
Cognitive developmental theory |
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Sensorimotor age |
0-2 |
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Preoperational age |
2-7 |
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Concrete operational age |
7-11 |
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formal operation age |
11+ |
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Bowlby |
Attachment theory |
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Attachment styles |
Secure, avoidant insecure, resistant insecure/ambivalent, disoriented/disorganized |
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Clinical interview |
flexible, investigator obtains complete account of participant's thoughts, breadth & depth |
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Structured interview |
Each participant asked same questions in same way, efficient and allows comparison, not as much depth, not necessarily accurate |
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Ethnography |
Participant observation of a culture or distinct social group |
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Correlational design |
researchers gather info on individuals without altering their experiences |
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Correlation coefficient |
Number that describes how two variables are associated with each other, ranges from +1.00 to -1.00 |
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Experimental design |
Researchers use procedures to assign people to two or more treatment conditions, permits inferences about cause and effect |
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Independent variable |
The one expected to cause changes in another variable |
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Dependent variable |
the one expected to be influenced by independent variable |
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Cohort effects |
Individuals born in same time period are influenced by a particular set of historical and cultural conditions |
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Sequential designs |
Several similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies called sequences |
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Rights of research participants |
Protection from harm, informed consent, privacy, knowledge of results, beneficial treatments |
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Phenotype |
observable characteristics |
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Genotype |
Genetic info that influences characteristics |
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Gene |
segment of DNA along length of chromosome |
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Mitosis |
Process of DNA duplicating itself |
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Meiosis |
Cell division process that produces gametes |
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Gametes |
Sex cells - sperm & ovum |
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Zygote |
Sperm and egg united |
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Fraternal twins |
dizygotic |
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Identical twins |
monozygotic |
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Allele |
Each form of a gene |
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Homozygous |
Alleles from both parents are alike |
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Heterozygous |
Alleles from both parents are different |
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Phenylketonuria |
PKU - born without enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine |
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Genomic imprinting |
Alleles are chemically marked so that one is activated |
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Polygenic inheritance |
Many genes influence a characteristic |
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Genetic counseling |
Counseling to help couples assess chances of giving birth to baby with hereditary disorder and consider appropriate options |
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Donor insemination |
donated sperm injected into woman |
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In vitro fertilization |
Hormones to stimulate several ova, surgical removal of ova, placed in dish with nutrients and sperm, once it starts duplicating it is injected into uterus |
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Surrogate motherhood |
In vitro fertilization with mother's ovum and father's sperm placed in other woman's body |
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3 aspects of socioeconomic status |
years of education, prestige of job and skills required, income |
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Heritability estimates |
measure extent that individual differences in complex traits in a specific population are due to genetic factors |
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Gene-environment interaction |
Individuals differ in responsiveness to qualities of environment due to genetic makeup |
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Canalization |
Tendency of heredity to restrict development of some characteristics to just one or a few outcomes |
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Gene-environment correlation |
Our genes influence the environments to which we are exposed (passive, evocative, and active correlation) |
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Epigenesis |
Development resulting from ongoing, bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of environment |
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Germinal period |
2 weeks |
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Implantation days |
7-9 (blastocyst) |
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Amnion |
membrane, fluid provides cushioning, temp regulation |
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Umbilical cord |
connects baby to placenta |
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Placenta |
Organ |
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Fraction of zygotes that don't make it past this stage |
1/3 |
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How long is the egg viable for? |
24 hrs |
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What develops in germinal period? |
placenta & umbilical cord |
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Most critical period |
Embryo |
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Embryo (weeks) |
3-8 |
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Weeks 3-4 development |
Neural tube; heart, ribs, backbone, muscles, and digestive tract begin to develop |
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Weeks 5-8 |
Face, arms, legs, toes, fingers, internal organs, sense of touch, movement |
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Fetus (weeks) |
9-end |
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When is sex of fetus evident? |
9-12 weeks |
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9-12 weeks |
Rapid increase in size, body systems more organized and connected, behavioral capacities (thumb sucking, kicking, opening mouth, rehearsal of breathing), external genitals |
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2nd Trimester weeks |
Weeks 13-24 |
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Weeks 13-24 |
Rapid growth, movements felt by mom, vernix and lanugo, brain's neurons, eyes sensitive to light, fetus reacts to sound |
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Weeks 25-38 |
Good chance of survival if born. Lungs mature, rapid brain development, layer of fat, antibodies, most rotate upside-down to prepare for birth |
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Third trimester |
Weeks 25-38 |
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Implantation |
blastocyst burrows deep into endometrium |
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What is the amnion made from? |
Trophoblast |
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Chorion |
Surrounds amnion, also made from trophoblast. Villi form on chorion. |
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What does the placenta develop from? What is its purpose? |
Villi burrowing into uterine wall. Permits food and oxygen to reach organism and waste to be taken away |
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Umbilical cord structure |
one large vein to deliver blood and nutrients, two arteries that remove waste |
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Most rapid prenatal changes occur during which stage? |
Embryo |
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What is the neural tube? |
Primitive spinal cord formed by ectoderm folding over |
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Embryonic disk forms 3 layers of cells: |
Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm |
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Ectoderm |
Becomes nervous system and skin |
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Mesoderm |
Becomes muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, and internal organs |
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Endoderm |
Becomes digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, glands |
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When does brain begin forming? |
3 1/2 weeks |
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Neuron production - when and rate |
Begins at 7 weeks, 250,000/min |
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Vernix |
white substance that protects skin from chapping |
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Lanugo |
White, downy hair that appears all over body to help vernix stick to skin |
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Age of viability |
Point at which baby can first survive, sometime between 22-26 weeks |
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Fetuses blink eyes in reaction to sound at |
28 weeks |
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Teratogens |
Environmental agents that cause damage during prenatal period |
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Effects of teratogens depend on: |
dose, heredity, age, other negative influences |
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What can enter embryonic or fetal bloodstream? |
Any drug with molecule small enough to penetrate placental barrier - Accutane, aspirin, caffeine, SSRIs, etc. |
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Smoking can cause: |
underweight birth, cleft palate, cleft lip, attention and behavior problems |
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Babies born to users of cocaine, heroin, or methadone: |
prematurity, low birth weight, physical defects, breathing difficulties, death |
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Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder |
range of physical, mental, and behavioral outcomes caused by prenatal alcohol exposure |
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Fetal alcohol syndrome |
From heavy alcohol use. Slow physical growth, facial abnormalities (short eyelid openings, thin upper lip, smooth philtrum), small head, brain injury |
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Partial fetal alcohol syndrome |
2/3 of facial abnormalities, brain injury evident in at least 3 areas of impaired functioning. From moderate alcohol use. |
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Alcohol-related neurodevelopment disorder |
At least 3 areas of mental functioning impaired, typical growth, no facial abnormalities |
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Heavy drinking draws what away from developing baby? |
Oxygen |
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Radiation |
increased risk of miscarriage, deformities, underdeveloped brains, slow physical growth, cancer later on in life |
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Environmental pollutants |
mercury, PCBs, lead, dioxins |
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Fraction of babies born with birth defects |
1/33
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Fraction of infant deaths due to defects |
1/5 |
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Toxoplasmosis |
parasite found in many animals. Causes eye and brain damage, may cause miscarriage, low BW, etc. Can get from garden, cat poop |
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Regular, moderate exercise is related to what? |
increased birth weight |
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Folic acid supplementation reduces risk of |
anencephaly, spina bifida, premature delivery, low birth weight |
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Why does intense anxiety relate to higher risks of prematurity low birth weight, illness, colic, etc? |
Blood flow is used for fight/flight (bc epinephrine and cortisol) so there's decreased blood flow to uterus |
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Rh factor incompatibility |
mother Rh -, baby Rh +. If even a little of fetus's blood crosses placenta into mother's bloodstream, she'll form antibodies against it |
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What can Rh factor incompatibility cause? |
mental retardation, miscarriage, heart damage, infant death |
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Preeclampsia |
aka toxemia. Blood pressure rises sharply in face hands, and feet during last half of pregnancy. Can cause convulsions in mother and fetal death |
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3 stages of childbirth |
1. Dilation and effacement of cervix 2. Delivery of baby 3. Delivery of placenta |
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How long do dilation and effacement take with first birth? Subsequent births? |
12-14 hours with first birth, 4-6 with subsequent |
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How long does labor and delivery take for first birth and subsequent births? |
about 1-2 hours for first birth, 10-20 minutes for later births |
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How long does it take to the placenta to be delivered? |
5-15 minutes |
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Average newborn length and weight |
20 inches, 7ish lbs |
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Apgar scale measures |
Respiratory effort, reflex irritability, muscle tone, and color |
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When are infants rated? |
1 minute and 5 minutes |
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Anoxia |
inadequate oxygen supply |
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Breech |
feet or bum first |
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Consequences of epidural |
weakens uterine contractions, can prolong labor, tend to have lower Apgar scores at 1 min |
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Why do many doctors not perform vaginal birth after mom has already had a c-section? |
Slightly increased risk of uterine rupture |
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VBAC |
Vaginal birth after cesarean |
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Purposes for baby's reflexes |
Survival value (rooting relfex) Future motor skills (stepping) Creat social ties (palmar grasp) |
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When is a baby considered premature? |
Born before 38 weeks or weighs less than 5 1/2 pounds |
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Fraction of babies born underweight in U.S. |
1/13 |
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Preterm babies are at greater risk for |
child abuse |
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Reflex definition |
Inborn, automatic response to a particular form of stimulation |
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How many hours per day do newborns sleep? |
16-20 hrs |
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Crying usually peaks at |
6 weeks |
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How much do 6 month olds sleep? |
12-16 hours per day |
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% of newborn sleep that is REM compared to adults |
50% for newborns, 20% for adults |
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Many SIDS babies have what at time of death? |
Mild respiratory infection |
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Oxytocin |
stimulates uterine contraction and milk letdown |
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The 5 Ss to comfort upset baby |
Swinging Shushing Swaddling Sucking Sidelying |
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