Psychology 1100 Exam 1

Front 1

goals of psychology

Back 1

causes or mechanisms
functions
prediction
control

Front 2

causes or mechanisms

Back 2

proximal
distal

Front 3

proximal cause

Back 3

an event that is closest to or immediately responsible for causing something

ex: i ate because i felt hungry

Front 4

distal cause

Back 4

the real reason something occurred

i was hungry becasue i hadn't eaten for a week so i ate

Front 5

functions:

Back 5

outcomes or results

function of eating: energy, nourishment

Front 6

prediction

Back 6

some things are more predictable than others

Front 7

control

Back 7

treatment
environmental design

Front 8

environmental design

Back 8

IO psychologists examine how we act in our environment and make designs to make things easier
ex: airport bathroom, flys in toilet

Front 9

sub disciplines of psychology

Back 9

clinical
counseling
psychometrics
industrial organizational

Front 10

ahhhhhh

Back 10

don't forget to make slides for first class

Front 11

professional societies

Back 11

american psychological association (56 divisions, 54 functional)

association for psychological science

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clinical psychology

Back 12

therapy

Front 13

counseling

Back 13

don't study behavioral disorders

Front 14

psychometrics

Back 14

testing, statistics, design, validation

Front 15

difference btw psychologist and psychiatrist

Back 15

psychologist has Ph.D. and can't prescribe medicine, do behavioral training

psychiatrist is doctor and can prescribe medicine

Front 16

industrial/ organizational (IO)

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-workplace (ex: budlight hidden in office)
-environmental design
-personnel scanning
-workers and work related issues
-advertising
-ex: more violent tv shows means less memory of commercials

Front 17

hawthorne effect example

Back 17

western electric plan hired psychologists to increase work productivity
music increased it
lights up and lights down increased it

workers were happy to be in experiment so increased productivity whenever something was changed
workers were over cooperative

Front 18

hawthorne effect

Back 18

tendency of subjects to be over cooperative and compliant with an experimenter, rather than behaving normally

Front 19

two influences over history of psychology

Back 19

physiology
philosophy

Front 20

hippocrates

Back 20

related personality to body type
-phthisic: tall, thin, angry, bad tempered
-apoplectic: short, squat, sluggish, unemotional
-preceded sheldon
-physiological
-theory of mental illness, rather than being possessed by demons
-studied sacred disease (epilepsy) related everything back to brain

Front 21

hippocrates body types and personalities

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-endomorph: fat, happy, sociable
-ectomorph: skinny, nervous, thoughtful
-mesomorph: athletic, energetic, direct

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socrates

Back 22

first psychotherapist
studied the unconscious mind
asked questions to find hidden thoughts

foreshadowed freud

Front 23

plato

Back 23

socrates student
predated freud
related inner organs to personality

Front 24

freud

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different phases: oral=dependency, anal=self control, phallic=moral

Front 25

aristotle

Back 25

-objective observation
-vitalism: behavior is a function of the soul
-continuity: all organisms are comparable

Front 26

vitalism

Back 26

-behavior is a function of the soul
-beginning of nature vs nurture (nature side)

aristotle

Front 27

continutity

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aristotle

all organisms are comparable
measurable differences in evolution

Front 28

albertus magnus and st. thomas acquinas

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-man-brute dichotomy: discontinuity position
-discontinutiy: can't compare animals and humans

Front 29

discontinuity

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magnus and acquinas

can't compare nonhumans and humans

humans: free will and reason
animals: instincts

Front 30

renes descartes

Back 30

-mechanism: behavior is a function of physical laws
-reflex action: external agent passed to brain and sent back to body part

nurture side of controversy

Front 31

mechanism

descartes

Back 31

behavior is a function of physical laws

Front 32

reflex action

descartes

Back 32

external agent passed to brain and sent back to body part
fire and foot
nurture side of controversy

Front 33

john locke

Back 33

tabula rasa
blank slate

Front 34

tabula rasa

Back 34

blank slate
john lock
-prenatally nothing happens
-from time your born you have experiences that get written on blank slate

Front 35

franz gall

Back 35

phrenology: localize 33 mental characteristics
-got people interested in brain, behavior relationships
-mapped out surface of brain
-look for bumps in skull-bumps meant more talented in that area

Front 36

phrenology

Back 36

localize 33 mental characteristics on surface of brain
-writing section, art section, etc
-bump in a certain section meant you were more talented in that area

Front 37

sir francis galton

Back 37

psychometrics:concerned with the construction and validation of measurement instruments, such as questionnaires, tests, and personality assessments.
correlation coefficient
pearson r

Front 38

herbert spencer

Back 38

-principles of psychology
-continuity
-social statics
-survival of the fittest: coined this phrase
-poverty and starvation are natural agents: they cleanse the society of the unfit

Front 39

charles darwin

Back 39

natural selection

Front 40

theory of evolution by means of natural selection

Back 40

-organism variability
-environmental fluctuations
-competition
-adaptation results in reproductive success (fitness)
-speciation: reproductively isolated

-if you reproduce you are fit

Front 41

speciation

darwin

Back 41

you can reproduce within that unit but not across units

Front 42

how does speciation occurr

Back 42

-correlated variation
-pleiotropy

Front 43

correlated variation

Back 43

-when one part is modified, others will be too
-varieties rarely or never differ from one another by single character alone

Front 44

example of correlated variation

Back 44

only tallest organism survives to reproduce
-off spring will have genetic potential to be tall, but those genes will also create other changes (hair color)
-over generations this creates a new species

Front 45

pleiotropy

Back 45

modern term for correlated variation
-all phenotypes have equal chance of showing
-each gene has several phenotypes
-ex: thermoregulation: weather is cold, some adapt better than others, very furry cat is best
-when furry cat passes on gene its offspring might be very furry or could have crazy lips or eyes

Front 46

natural selection example

Back 46

ayds diet pill didnt last when aids was discovered

Front 47

expression of the emotions in man and animal

Back 47

-continuity between humans and nonhumans
-hired physician to identify facial muscles
-identified six human emotions shared with animals
-happy, sad, disgust, surprise, anger, fear

Front 48

edward l thorndike

Back 48

experiments on animal learning
law of effect
puzzle box: how long does it take for cat to push pedal and open door?

Front 49

throndikes law of effect

Back 49

a connection btw a stimulus and a response is strengthened when it is accompanied or closely followed by a satisfying state of affairs

-if you like it you will do it again

Front 50

john b watson

Back 50

behaviorism
-total rejection of mental constructs
-only deal with observable units
-SR=stimuls response

Front 51

prooved?

Back 51

no scientist would ever use this word

Front 52

what is research

Back 52

new knowledge
scientific method

Front 53

applied research

Back 53

aka translational research

solve problem

Front 54

basic research

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new knowledge

Front 55

appropriate starting point for research

Back 55

observation and description across contexts: ideally naturally occurring contexts
-psychologists rarely get to study naturally occurring contexts, ethologists do

Front 56

ethologists

Back 56

study animal behavior

Front 57

roles of naturalistic observation

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-study nature for it's own sake
-starting point for subsequent lab investigations
-validate or add substance to previously obtained lab data
-provide info on species variables for efficient lab study
-use field as natural lab to test hypothesis

Front 58

study nature for its own sake

roles of naturalistic observation

Back 58

alarm calling in belding ground squirrel
-spot predator
why put self at risk by drawing attention to self?
trying to protect close kin

just to learn about nature because it relates to humans

Front 59

starting point for subsequent lab investigations

roles of naturalistic observation

Back 59

auditory interaction of mallard hens and their offspring
-field observations
-watch hens from blind and record their alarm call (stops embryos from vocalizing when a predator is near)
-bring to lab to study
-introduce new ducklings to recorded alarm call to see how they react
-instinctively, ducklings crouch

Front 60

validate or add substance to previously obtained lab data

roles of naturalistic observation

Back 60

tonic immobility (at first purely lab phenomenon)
-state of motionless, monitoring environment, chickens do it in lab
-decided to bring studies to field
-study caching behavior of foxes
-found hens do this when caught by fox, those in tonic immobility have far greater chance of surviving

Front 61

provide information on species variables for efficient lab study

Back 61

species difference in predation cues
-dogs vs cats
-dogs hunt in groups, cats hunt solo

Front 62

use field as natural lab to test hypothesis

Back 62

-male african widow bird with long tail, can't fly well so why evolve?
-because it is a reproduction advantage
-compared with regular male to male with no tail, to male with extra long tail
-effect on nesting effect (reproductive fitness)
-longer the tail= more success at reproducing

Front 63

sexual selection

Back 63

darwin
-sexual dimorphism and evolution of elaborate structures
-sexual dimorphism: male and female look different (usually male has elaborate trait)
-should be disadvantageous due to predation


only sexual selection if the only role of elaborate trait is reproductive advantage

Front 64

cons of field research

Back 64

-lack of control
-small sample
-predation (dead duck in his study)
-hard to get subjects
-can't control sample size

Front 65

pros of field research

Back 65

-high external validity
-generalization
-fewer artifacts caused by unnatural contexts(if in field you can assume things you witness are a real phenomenon rather than a result of something in the lab

Front 66

context

Back 66

urban rhesus monkeys in india
-started in jungle but some have moved into cities
-social organization is very diff btw urban and jungle monkeys

-kid in living room vs kid in "strange situation"

Front 67

continuum of observational settings based on degree of control by investigator

Back 67

field=least environmental control
lab=most environmental control

look at page 112

Front 68

unobtrusive field observations

Back 68

inconspicuous
subjects don't know you're observing them

ex: blinds

Front 69

obtrusive field observations

Back 69

participant observer: you are one of the participants

accustom
record

ethologists do this

Front 70

semifree field observations

Back 70

enclosed or confined
-islands
-large zoological parks

-cayo santiago island: monkeys are confined to island

Front 71

observations in capacity

Back 71

-zoo, aviaries
artifacts: beware!!
-sir solly zuckerman studied monkeys in zoo and put together theory that dominated scientific world: females continuously sexually active
-when ppl went into field to study found out females have sexual cycle

Front 72

laboratory

Back 72

complete environmental control
-hard to watch some things in nature
-difficult to observe fish caring for eggs in murky water so put in aquarium

Front 73

human ethology

Back 73

-our species-typical behavior
-ethological methods
-is it ethical to record and research people w/o their permission
-trick camera taping facial expressions

Front 74

reliability

Back 74

-observe independently
-compare data
-if >2 observers report seeing same thing its reliable
-people are biased so how can you trust one person's research

Front 75

correlation

Back 75

relationship btw 2 or more variables

ex: those with high IQ vote kerry those with low IQ vote bush

variable=observable measurable

variables vary-quantifiable

Front 76

correlation data

Back 76

positive correlation: x and y both increase or decrease

negative correlation: one increases as other decreases

no correlation: no relationship

Front 77

correlation strength

Back 77

the closer to 1 the stronger the correlation, regardless if negative or positive

Front 78

value of correlation

Back 78

one variable does not cause another in a correlational study

-fingerprint ridges do not cause sexual preference

Front 79

if you can't infer causality why use correlational data

Back 79

-variable manipulation may be impractical or unethical
ex: does being an abused child lead you to beat your spouse? can't just beat children to find out

data readily available

Front 80

experimental manipulation

Back 80

manipulation for the purpose of drawing causal inferences

Front 81

pilot studies

Back 81

use a small group of subjects to test experiment
-design difficulties get worked out
-check sensitivity and validity of measures
-gives experimenter practice
-narrow range of manipulated variable (instead of 1 and 10 cups coffee do 1 and 3 cups)

Front 82

independent variable

Back 82

-manipulated by experimenter
-situational: physical environment, context (hot/cold)
-subject:attribute of subject (age)
-organismic:internal (stimulate section of brain)

Front 83

dependent variable

Back 83

-response measured
-examples: number correct, frequency, latency, confounding

Front 84

extraneous variable

Back 84

variable that intrude on experiment and must be dealt with
-control: held constant (time of day)
-random: very randomly (economic status) large sample size can help with this
-confounding: varies systematically with independent variable: experimenter doesn't know they're there

Front 85

example of confounding variable

Back 85

comparing anxiety levels and ability to do math, but temp in rooms is different and the temp is what makes difference in ability to do math

Front 86

counterbalancing

way to control extraneous variable

Back 86

simultaneous preference test

-finch picking her mates song vs another males song, go to side of box with her mates song, make sure to switch which side you play songs on in case finch has preference to left or right

Front 87

ways to control extraneous variables

Back 87

-single blind-placebo
subject is blind so controls for subject bias
-double blind
subject and experimenter are blind, controls for subject and experimenter bias

Front 88

all experimenters have at least 2 groups of subjects

Back 88

experimental group and control group

Front 89

experimental group
and control group

Back 89

E: independent variable given to them
C: no independent variable given to them
-if E doesnt = G then independent variable did have effect
-if E = G then independent variable had no effect

Front 90

sham operates

Back 90

-organismic
-surgery for E and C
-E gets internal manipulation, C gets no manipulation
-controls for the effects of trauma of surgery alone

Front 91

yoked control

Back 91

-yoked means connected
-only E controls event
-C yoked to E and passively receives same event as E
-effects of arousal

Front 92

ex of yoked control

Back 92

you get a $ for every A you earn, but your brother gets a $ too. your brother is yoked. he has no control over getting a $ or not


rat pups pushing paddle for milk. control showed arousal, but no evidence for law of effect

Front 93

internal validity

Back 93

-measures what it intended
-controlling extraneous variables
-if a study isn't internally valid it is useless

Front 94

ethical issues

Back 94

-value judgments: no absolute right or wrong

-two domains: nonhuman and human

Front 95

micturition

Back 95

human experiment
-purpose: effect of personal space invasion on arousal in a naturalistic setting
-unobtrusive field experiment
-operational definition of arousal=urination (micturition)
-operational definition of personal space invasion: subject-confederate distance
dependent variables: latency (amount of time btw unzipping and peeing) and duration (how long you pee)

whats wrong with urinal study?
-no permission from subjects
-no debriefing
-made it into top psychology journal
-oper

Front 96

raw data

statistics

Back 96

scores in order from lowest to highest

Front 97

frequency distribution

statistics

Back 97

scores on one side
how many times it occurred on other

Front 98

histogram

statistics

Back 98

bar chart

Front 99

frequency polygon

statistics

Back 99

same as bar chart but dots instead of bars and dots are connected with lines

Front 100

normal distribution

statistics

Back 100

normal or bell shaped curve

Front 101

skewed distributions

Back 101

negatively skewed: few points at low end

positively skewed: few points at high end

Front 102

descriptive statistics

Back 102

normal distribution: mean, median, mode all same

skewed distribution: mean, median, mode, all different

Front 103

how to lie with statistics

Back 103

outliers pull mean one way, misleading people

-salary example
-uconn class sizes average 29 students: included all of the individual studies of one person per class so those outliers pulled mean way down

Front 104

measure of variability

standard deviation

Back 104

small SD= not many people at high or low end
large SD= ppl spread way out, people at low and high end

Front 105

using graphs to lie

Back 105

-y axis can be used to deceive people by changing the scale
-salary changes example
expanded y axis looks like huge change while normal y axis shows little change

Front 106

using sample size to lie

Back 106

4 out of 5 people prefer colgate, you assume hundreds of people polled but you don't know that