Culture And Psych Ch 13

Front 1

Self concept

Back 1

cognitive representation of ones own self - the ideas and image that one has about oneself and why one behaves

Front 2

What do descriptive labels such as "I am sociable" imply?

Back 2

1) we have this attribute within us

2) our past actions, feeling or thoughts are connected to this attribute

3) out future plans, feelings, or thoughts will be guided and predicted by this attribute

Front 3

Why is a sense of self important?

Back 3

it is at the core of our being, both automatically and unconsciously - influencing our thoughts, feelings, and actions

Front 4

Define "cultural worldviews"

Back 4

a belief system about ones culture, or a view of how ones culture should be, regardless of whether or not it is true

Front 5

Define "cultural practices"

Back 5

the doing of culture, or the behavioural aspects of culture that people engage in

Front 6

What 3 things do humans have the ability to know, which makes them unique

Back 6

1) the self exists as an intentional agent

2) other selves exist which are also intentional

3) others make judgements about oneself as an intentional agent

Front 7

How is the concept of self a part of cultural world view?

Back 7

how ones sees oneself in relation to the rest of the world in an integral part of ones culture

Front 8

Describe the Independent vs. Interdependent Self Construal Theory

Back 8

- self concepts rooted in cultural world views

- world views vary across cultures

- so self also differs in different cultures (different self concepts)

- due to varied rules of living and demands

Independent construal of self & Interdependent construal of self

Front 9

Describe Independent Construal of Self

(individualistic)

Back 9

individuals focus on personal, internal attributes (like individual ability, intelligence, personality traits) and express them in public, and verify them in private through social comparison

Front 10

Describe Interdependent Construal of Self

(collectivist)

Back 10

individuals focus on their interdependent status with other people, and aim to meet social responsibilities

The most important aspects of the self are defined in relationships but there is still consciousness of internal attributes

Front 11

What sort of evidence supports the Independent vs. Interdependent Self Construal Theory

Back 11

Studies where people write down as many of their own characteristics as possible have shown that American subjects (independent) generate more abstract traits than Asian subjects (interdependent). Therefore, people with independent construals of self view their own internal attributes as more important self-relevant information

Front 12

What have further studies comparing Americans and Asians (especially Japanese) found, regarding individualism and collectivism?

Back 12

They DO NOT find that Americans are more individualistic and Japanese are more collectivistic

(review ch pg. 348)

Front 13

Do recent findings regarding self construals indicate that independent and interdependent construals are mutually exclusive, of co-existing?

Back 13

they coexist simultaneously within individuals

(pg 351-352)

Front 14

Define Self-Esteem

Back 14

the cognitive and affective evaluations we make about our selves or how we evaluate ourselves within our cultural world view

Front 15

Define Self-Enhancement

Back 15

the collection of psychological processes by which we bolster our self-esteem

Front 16

What is Terror Management Theory

Back 16

because humans have unique cognitive abilities, we are aware of the fact that we will eventually de and are terrified of that inevitable death. Thus we create a psychological phenomena as a buffer against the terror of dying (ideological worldviews and self-esteem)

Front 17

Define Self-effacement

Back 17

the tendency to downplay ones virtues

(studies suggest Japanese more more likely to do this, and have lower self esteem than Westerners)

Front 18

Describe the "better than average effect"

Back 18

Americans typically find themselves to be more intelligent and more attractive than average

- studies outside of the US have found that these biases don't exist

Front 19

Describe "mutual self enhancement"

Back 19

a strategy thought to be used in cultures that don't self enhance directly

Achieved through the giving and receiving of compliments between partners in a close relationship

Front 20

Describe "tactical self enhancement"

Back 20

the idea that self-enhancement is a universal motive, but people from different cultures find different ways to self enhance

(it can occur on different traits, context, implicitly or explicitly)

Front 21

Define Identity

Back 21

they way individuals understand themselves and are recognized by others

Front 22

What are the 3 large classes of identity

Back 22

Personal identity

Collective identity

Relational Identity

Front 23

Define personal identity

Back 23

the qualities that distinguish oneself from others

Front 24

Define collective identity

Back 24

our recognition that we belong to social categories

(cultural, ethnic, and racial)

Front 25

Define relational identity

Back 25

refers to our qualities of ourselves in relation to others

Front 26

Why are identities important?

Back 26

They fulfill a universal need to belong to social groups

Front 27

Are identities universal?

Back 27

Yes, but the specific content varies

Front 28

Is identity fluid?

Back 28

Yes, it varies over context and culture

Front 29

Define identity denial

Back 29

when someone is not recognized as a member of a group that they identity as

Front 30

Describe cultural frame switching

Back 30

bicultural individuals have multiple cultural systems in their minds and access one of the other depending on the context they are in

Front 31

Describe cultural reaffirmation effect

Back 31

bicultural individuals endorse more traditional values associated with their native culture that did native monocultural individuals

Front 32

Define attributions

Back 32

the inferences people make about the causes of events and their own and others behaviours

They represent the ways we understand the world around us and the behaviour of others

(based on ability to understand humans are intentional agents)

Front 33

Internal Attributions (aka dispositional attributions)

Back 33

specify the cause of behaviour within a person

Front 34

External attributions (aka situational dispositions)

Back 34

locate the cause of behaviour outside a person

(other people, nature, acts of god)

Front 35

Describe the Fundamental Attribution Error

Back 35

bias toward inferences about someones disposition, even if there are clear situational constraints present.

(review study pg 361)

Front 36

Self Serving Bias

Back 36

the tendency to attribute your success to personal factors, but your failures to situational factors

Front 37

Are attributional processes universal?

Back 37

yes, but they differ substantially across cultures