Psych & Culture Ch 11

Front 1

cultural relativism

Back 1

suggests that psychological disorders can only be understood in cultural framework that they occur in

Front 2

culture - bound syndromes

Back 2

psychological disorders observed only in certain socio - cultural scenarios

Front 3

overpathologizing

Back 3

misinterpreting culturally sanctioned behavior as expressions of pathological symptoms

Front 4

psychopathology

Back 4

psychological disorders that encompass behavioral, cognitive, & emotional aspects of functioning

Front 5

underpathologizing

Back 5

attributing pathological symptoms to normative cultural differences

Front 6

theory opposing cultural relativism

Back 6

suggests that there are universalities in underlying psychological mechanisms/experiences causing psychological disorders

Front 7

defining abnormality based on deviance

Back 7

look at person's behavior in terms of social norms

Front 8

problems (abnormality based on deviance)

Back 8

subjective; not all socially deviant behavior qualifies as abnormal/psychological disorder (ex. homosexuality)

Front 9

defining abnormality based on subjective distress

Back 9

look at whether behavior causes personal emotional stressp

Front 10

problems (abnormality based on subjective distress)

Back 10

can depend on how other people treat person because of their behavior

Front 11

defining abnormality in cultural context

Back 11

uses cultural relativism to determine if behavior is abnormal

Front 12

modifications made to DSM-IV to increase cultural sensitivity

Back 12

1. incorporate info on how symptoms of disorders can vary based on culture

2. include 25 culture - bound syndromes

3. add guidelines for assessment of person's cultural background & differences between person & clinician

Front 13

international classification of diseases

Back 13

way other than DSM to classify physical & psychological disorders; most widely used

Front 14

DSM

Back 14

diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

Front 15

problems with ICD

Back 15

doesn't recognize cultural importance in expression/presentation of mental disorders

Front 16

problems with analyzing mental disorders cross-culturally using same tests

Back 16

can use culture-specific phrases that individual doesn't understand

Front 17

present state examination (pse)

Back 17

used by WHO to diagnose schizophrenia

Front 18

problems with pse

Back 18

ethnocentric procedures/languages (people from different cultures describe how they're feeling in different ways)

Front 19

american indian depression schedule

Back 19

used to study depression in native americans; includes acute unease/dissatisfaction native americans can associate w/depression

Front 20

child behavior checklist

Back 20

cbcl; assesses behavioral, emotional, & social problems of children worldwide; assesses internalizing & externalizing behaviors

Front 21

internalizing behaviors

Back 21

withdrawn behavior, depressive symptoms, somatic complaints

Front 22

externalizing behaviors

Back 22

attention problems, delinquent behavior, aggressive behavior

Front 23

first review of cbcl

Back 23

looked at cbcl for kids age 6-17 across 12 countries; found cbcl to be reliable but are issues

Front 24

issues with cbcl (first review)

Back 24

clinical cutoff points can vary based on culture

Front 25

second review of cbcl

Back 25

confirmed that factor structure similar for studies of children & adolescents age 6-18 across 30 coutnries

Front 26

factor structure

Back 26

- existence of specific dimensions/expressions of mental disorders

- includes withdraw, depressive symptoms, somatic complaints & internalizing/externalizing behaviors

Front 27

third review of cbcl

Back 27

looked at parent ratings of their young kids using cbcl across 23 countries; confirmed similar factor structure across these countries

Front 28

issues with cbcl

Back 28

may not capture culture - specific dimensions of problematic behavior (ex. weis study of behavioral dimensions)

Front 29

weis study of behavioral dimensions

Back 29

looked at behavior dimensions in children with mental disorders; found culture - specific dimensions (ex. delayed maturation & indirect aggression in Thailand kids)

Front 30

li-repac study of culture in diagnostic approaches

Back 30

studied role of culture in diagnostic approach of therapists; chinese & american subjects interviewed & videotaped --> interview watched by either chinese or american therapist

Front 31

results li-repac culture diagnostics study

Back 31

found that overlap (or lack) of pt & client influenced therapists perceptions about client

Front 32

chinese pt/chinese therapist

Back 32

pt seen as honorable, adaptable, & friendly

Front 33

chinese pt/american therapist

Back 33

pt seen as awkward, confused, & nervous; more likely to be seen as depressed & less socially capable

Front 34

american pt/chinese therapist

Back 34

pt seen as aggressive & rebellious; more likely to be seen as severely disturbed

Front 35

american pt/american therapist

Back 35

pt seen as sincere & easygoing

Front 36

chang teacher/student assessment study

Back 36

- looked at white teachers & if their assessments of normal behavior depended on ethnicity of child

- teachers given short stories about kid who displayed overcontrolled, undercontrolled, & normal school behaviors paired w/ picture of white, black or asian child

Front 37

overcontrolled school behaviors

Back 37

anxious to please, perfectionist, clings to adults, shy & timid

Front 38

undercontrolled school behaviors

Back 38

disobedient, disrupts class, talks out of turn, fidgety

Front 39

normal school behaviors

Back 39

follows rules, demonstrates normal play, has some friends

Front 40

results (chang teacher/student assessment study)

Back 40

- teachers rated asian kids as overcontrolled more often than black/white kids

- could lead to teachers overlooking problems that can occur if kid is overcontrolled b/c they think that's normal for them

Front 41

culturally responsive assessment requires . . .

`

Back 41

acknowledgment/understanding of client's cultural background & understanding of therapist's own possible biases

Front 42

for bilingual clients who speak english . . .

Back 42

- assessment should be done in home language & english to avoid cultural nuances that can exist across languages

- can result in over/underpathologizing if you don't

Front 43

mmpi

Back 43

- seen as reliable, valid, & congruent cross - culturally

- used to evaluate personality scales, psychopathology, & abnormal behavior

Front 44

Pace's issues with mmpi

Back 44

- may not accurately assess native americans (usually score higher on several scales compared to norms)

- argues that higher scores indicate worldviews, beliefs, & behaviors rather than higher level of pathology in native americans

Front 45

what has been done to account for mmpi's lack of cultural awareness?

Back 45

creation of cultural variations (ex. korean mmpi & chinese personality assessment inventory)

Front 46

chinese personality assessment inventory

Back 46

- created specifically for use with chinese people

- includes indigenous concepts from chinese culture (ex. interpersonal relatedness)

Front 47

prevalence of schizophrenia in u.s.

Back 47

- 1.1%

- affects men & women equally

Front 48

some schizophrenia theories say . . .

Back 48

it's caused by biological factors. others say family dynamics (ex. childhood trauma)

Front 49

diathesis - stress model of schizophrenia

Back 49

says that schizophrenia can develop in people with biological predisposition to diathesis after exposure to environmental stressors

Front 50

diathesis

Back 50

disorder

Front 51

schizophrenia symptoms present across cultures

Back 51

lack of insight, auditory & verbal hallucinations, ideas of reference/assuming that you are center of attention

Front 52

people in developing countries (schizophrenia)

Back 52

- outcomes better

- b/c of strong interconnectedness/community support present in developing countries, pt's return to work full - time, & being married

Front 53

WHO depression study

Back 53

looked at symptoms of depression in japan, canada, switzerland, & iran

Front 54

results (WHO depression study)

Back 54

cross-cultural symptoms: loss of interest, inability to concentrate, sadness, etc.

Front 55

depression (chinese)

Back 55

experienced culture - specific symptoms

- heart panic, pain, & dread

- distress of social harmony

- saw insomnia as cause of depression rather than symptom