Cultural Anthropology Test 2

Front 1

language

Back 1

a system of communication using sounds or gestures put together according to a set of rules

Front 2

symbols

Back 2

mark, sound, gesture, motion that is linked to something else meaningful

Front 3

signal

Back 3

an instinctive sound or gesture that has a natural or self-evident meaning

Front 4

linguistics

Back 4

study of language

Front 5

phonetics

Back 5

the systematic identification and description of distinctive speech sounds in a language

Front 6

phonemes

Back 6

smallest unit of sound that CHANGES in meaning in a language

Front 7

morphology

Back 7

patterns or rules for word formation in a language

Front 8

morphemes

Back 8

smallest sounds that CARRY a meaning

Front 9

syntax

Back 9

the patterns or rules by which words are organized

Front 10

grammar

Back 10

the entire formal structure of a language, including morphology and syntax

Front 11

language family

Back 11

multiple languages started from one

Front 12

linguistic divergence

Back 12

development of multiple languages from a single one

Front 13

glottochronology

Back 13

a method for identifying when languages branched off from a common ancestor. Linguistic history.

Front 14

core vocabulary

Back 14

most basic words in a language

Front 15

linguistic nationalism

Back 15

the attempt by a social group to proclaim a national language

Front 16

sociolinguistics

Back 16

language examination of social influence and distinctive styles of speech

Front 17

gendered speech

Back 17

distinct male and female speech patterns, which vary across social and cultural settings

Front 18

dialects

Back 18

forms of language that reflect specific regions, occupations, or social classes

Front 19

code switching

Back 19

changing from one mode of speech to another as the situation demands

Front 20

ethnoliguistics

Back 20

language relationship which studies how they influence each other

Front 21

linguistic relativity

Back 21

the idea that distinctions encoded in one language are unique to that language

Front 22

linguistic determinism

Back 22

the idea that language shapes how we view the world around us

Front 23

gestures

Back 23

body expressions that carry meaning

Front 24

kinesics

Back 24

analyzing body language

Front 25

proxemics

Back 25

cross cultural study of people's perception and use of space

Front 26

paralanguage

Back 26

voice effects that accompany language and convey meaning. ie laughing

Front 27

tonal language

Back 27

when sound pitch is a part of pronunciation and meaning

Front 28

whistled speech

Back 28

an exchange of whistled words

Front 29

displacement

Back 29

referring to things and events removed in time and space

Front 30

writing system

Back 30

signs that represent language

Front 31

alphabet

Back 31

symbols that represent sound

Front 32

self awareness

Back 32

ability to identify, evaluate, and reflect on oneself

Front 33

naming ceremony

Back 33

ritual to mark the name of a child

Front 34

personality

Back 34

distinctive ways a person thinks feels or acts

Front 35

dependence training

Back 35

preformed on children on dependence of a group, rather than the individual

Front 36

Independence training

Back 36

child rearing practices to teach independence, self-reliance, and personal achievement

Front 37

modal personality

Back 37

the most frequently occurring characteristic traits that represents culture

Front 38

core values

Back 38

those values especially promoted by a particular culture

Front 39

intersexual

Back 39

a person born with sex chromosomes that are not exclusively male or female

Front 40

transgender

Back 40

A person who crosses over into a differently prescribed gender construction

Front 41

culture-bound syndrome

Back 41

a mental disorder specific to a particular cultural group

Front 42

ecosystem

Back 42

a system in which both the natural environment and all organisms live within it

Front 43

cultural evolution

Back 43

cultural change over time, not to be confused with progress

Front 44

progress

Back 44

Theory that humans strive towards cultural perfection

Front 45

convergent evolution

Back 45

development of cultural adaptations to similar environments conditions by different peoples with different ancestral cultures

Front 46

parallel evolution

Back 46

when people with similar ancestral lines develop similar cultural adaptations

Front 47

cultural area

Back 47

a geographic region in which a number of societies follow similar patterns of life

Front 48

culture core

Back 48

features that are fundamental to the societies way of making its living

Front 49

food foraging

Back 49

hunting, fishing, and gathering wild plant foods

Front 50

carrying capacity

Back 50

the number of people that the available resources can support at a given level of food-getting techniques

Front 51

Neolithic revolution

Back 51

about 10,000 years ago, marked by early domestication of plants and animals and settlement in permanent villages

Front 52

horticulture

Back 52

cultivation of crops carried out by simple machines like digging sticks and hoes

Front 53

slash-and-burn cultivation

Back 53

natural vegetation is cut, everything is burned, and crops planted among ashes

Front 54

agriculture

Back 54

the cultivation of food plants in soil prepared and maintained for crop production.

Front 55

pastoralism

Back 55

breeding and managing large herds of domesticated grazing and browsing animals

Front 56

peasant

Back 56

poorest group of people, usually used for physical tasking jobs, and sometimes payed in food

Front 57

agribusiness

Back 57

large-scale businesses involved in food production. sometimes called corporate-farming