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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Chiefdom - villages coming together
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Political grouping of permanently allied villages/communities under one recognized leader
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Simple chiefdom
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One chief in his main village with villages around
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Complex chiefdom
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Hierarchy of chiefs
District chiefs with a main chief |
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Why chiefdoms?
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Growth
Compliance Mobilize labor Create surplus Trade Warfare |
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Chiefdom - growth
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Needs formal political elite to control population and provide economic security
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Chiefdom - Compliance
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Make people obey
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Chiefdom - Mobilize labor, create surplus, and trade
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Social projects - build roads, make canoes
More people to work makes a surplus to trade with other villages |
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Chiefdom - Warfare
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Competition among villages leads to the need for more planning and coordination which means if villages come together there is a higher chance of winning.
Land is at a premium Chief can put a fighting force together |
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Where do chiefs come from?
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Tribal "Big Man" would have feasts and give food away. If he had the ability to produce enough surplus and redistribute it his influence would grow beyond the village.
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Chiefdom - Economics
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Non-mechanized agriculture
Surplus management |
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Chiefdom - Redistribution
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Tribute
Potlatch Economic advantages |
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Chiefdom - Surplus management
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Becomes formalized - the village sends surplus to the district chief, then to the paramount chief. The paramount chief has a feast to redistribute it. Collects surplus and gives away between harvests, for special events and keeps some for trade.
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Chiefdom - Non-mechanized agriculture
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Different zones allows for more diversity and everyone gets a little of everything - diet expands
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Chiefdom - Tribute
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Villages send goods up to the paramount chief
Acknowledges chief's authority Beginning of taxation |
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Chiefdom - Trade
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Chief in charge of trade in the community and outside the community
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Chiefdom - Potlatch
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Regional alliance & exchange network
Each tribe had their own potlatch For special occasions, redistribution or reciprocity of wealth Destruction of wealth - kill a slave Copper - beautiful hand-crafted, break it and give the pieces away Status gained not by how much you have but by how much you give away |
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Chiefdom - Intensive cultivation
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Chief controls the land because there is a need for trade and influence there needs to be more control
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Chiefdom - Economic advantages
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Larger variety of food and goods
In the case of famine, the chief can call up the surplus and he will give it to you if you're not doing well. Not good for him if anyone is poor Trade with outsiders to keep peace and insurance against famine. May help another chief especially if he's in debt to him. Takes the place of stealing |
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Chiefdom - Balanced reciprocity
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Still exists between kinsmen and among family members. As long as you send up what the chief asks for.
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Chiefdom - Kula Ring
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Island trading system where prestige items & practical goods are traded
Necklaces & armbands are like heirlooms there's a history attached to each. Only get to keep them for a certain time - they are given away While the chiefs are negotiating the rest of the people are trading practical gifts to keep friendly relationships instead of stealing |
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Chiefdom - Potlatch & Kula ring. Why the chief is needed
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Takes years to put together.
Needs to charm & recruit people to go on the voyage |
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Chiefdom - Political/Leadership
Recruits Territory Personal fights |
Recruits for war through central authority
Large territory to protect what land you have and to get more. No personal fights anymore |
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Chiefdom - Recruitment
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For civil projects - people will go
because they know the chief will take care of them |
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Chiefdom - Village councils
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No more. They bicker & decisions take too long. Need to make quick decisions & make sure they're carried out.
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Chiefdom - Sanctions
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Can sanction behavior & use any means to enforce compliance by cutting of redistribution
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Chiefdom - Adjudication
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Mediation arbitration - use a third party as a judge. Usually a minor chief
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Chiefdom - Ordeal
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Painful test, under supernatural control to determine guilt or innocence.
Outcomes must be accepted scorpion, hot rock out of boiling pot |
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Chiefdom - Unstable
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Lesser chiefs want power so you have to lead more by goodwill than absolute power.
Don't have absolute authority - you could be ousted if you don't make life good. To maintain power you have to gain territory through warfare The richer the community the more people will like you. Loser will have property taken away & winner appoints loyalist to run the district for them. Annex to the chiefdom |
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Chiefdom - Social structure
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Hierarchy
Social inequality Ascribed Status |
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Chiefdom - Hierarchy
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Those closely aligned with the chief are in better standing than those who are not
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Chiefdom - Social inequality
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Two social classes:
Chief & everyone else |
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Chiefdom - Ascribed status
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Born into an elite social group. The closer by blood you are to the chief the better off you are.
Beginning of Aristocracy |
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Chiefdom - Endogamy
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Elites marry elites
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Endogamy
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Marrying within your social class or group
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Chiefdom - Inheritance
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Primogeniture - marry within your social class or group
First son inherits then to his son & then the oldest son of the second son. If there's no son the eldest daughter will live at home and her son inherits or if she doesn't have a son her husband may be adopted. |
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Chiefdom - Status
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Occupational achieved status
Specialists in crafts Jobs are passed down |
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Chiefdom - Village integration
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People of the same occupation are scattered in villages
Not one village doing the same thing |
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Chiefdom - Kinship Terminology
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Reflects status
Chief's nephew No poor class due to distribution |
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Chiefdom - Polygyny
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Must have wealth to have many wives
Bride Price Makes sense if wife is self sufficient or adds wealth of household Land divided equally |
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Chiefdom - Polygyny
Pros for Men |
Shows status because he can afford it
Economics grow because wives and children contribute Can make alliances for food or political gain through arranged marriages |
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Chiefdom - Polygyny
Pros for Women |
Prestige because you are connected with a wealthy man
Her children will inherit property or prestige She may want another wife to share the housework and pressure to have children Keeps husband at home he will stay at home instead of carousing. He needs to be at home to do work |
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Chiefdom - Polygyny
Drawbacks |
Jealousy
Minimized by marrying sister Separate living quarters Hierarchy among wives Rights & obligations are spelled out |
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Sororal Polygyny
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One husband marrying sisters
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Chiefdom - Polygyny
Divorce |
If the husband doesn't perform his duties the wives can divorce him and ask for compensation
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Chiefdom - Siblings
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Half-sibling relationships
Fighting Inheritance Minimize fighting by child ranking |
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Polygyny & Female infanticide
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When there are fewer girls to marry men have to wait so the girls they marry get younger
This is not good emotionally or physically for them - labor isn't good for a young girl |
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Chiefdom - Common interest associations
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Guilds are voluntary associations for men only
Silversmiths, jewelry maker Based on occupation Helps members with finances Form of social control They oversee the chief - they have clout because there are a lot of people. Can oust the chief if he's not doing his job |
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Chiefdom - Religion
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Local rituals around seasons or lifestyles
Most Chiefdoms are agricultural not pastoral No supreme god Ancestors ranked and "great ones" worshipped. Chief ancestors are higher rank |
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Chiefdom - Mana
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Chief has more mana than anyone else
You cannot touch the chief because he has so much mana you may get zapped |
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Mana
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the concept of an impersonal force or quality that resides in people, animals, and inanimate objects.
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Chiefdom - Shaman
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Highest shaman kin of chief (usually a brother) legitimizes his position
Performs rituals in the chief's name Turns into a full-time job beginning of the priesthood Wears an insignia so everyone knows what he is |
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Chiefdom - Shamanic Hierarchy
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Least powerful will diagnose illness
The next cure Highest located in the Chief's village he can cause illness or disaster on others |
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Chiefdom - Spirit
Spirit Hierarchy |
They do jobs assigned to that level
On top: weather spirit like rain Next: Warrior spirit like jaguar Food spirit like corn |
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Chiefdom - Art
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For status and power
Takes more time and organization to make |
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Tribes - Definition
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Societies organized largely on the basis of kinship, especially corporate descent groups
Change from hunting and gathering |
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Tribes - Social structure
Descent Group |
Inheritance: Need to know who stuff goes to
Security for extended family: take care of the poor, help their sick because they are part of the extended family group Through your father or mother: Patrilineal or matrilineal |
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Descent Group
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Permanent social unit whose members claim common ancestry
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Patrilineal descent
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system in which lineage is traced through the father and paternal ancestors.
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Matrilineal descent
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system in which lineage is traced through the mother and maternal ancestors.
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Patrilocality
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Live with your father's family
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Matrilocality
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Live with your mother's family
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Tribes - Patrilocality
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Men responsible for farming and distribution of food
Men in charge of "internal warfare". Father's want to fight with sons because you can trust them Equality of genders start to erode: When women are get shipped off, power structure is hard to establish because you live with your in-laws. Have a hard time getting any respect until you have a child. Women are part of someone else's extended family. It takes time to establish control. |
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Tribes - Matrilineal
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Does not mean that women are in charge. It's just about where they get everything from. Uncle watches over this. Mother's brother is in charge
Mothers & Daughters will live together & work with each other External warfare: men are gone for long periods of time Mothers want to work with daughters Women are the mainstay of the economy Women pull weeds & water in Horticultural societies |
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Tribes - Marriages
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Marriages are arranged and exogamous
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Exogamous
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Must marry outside of your group
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Tribe - Pan-Tribal associations
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Age sets
Clans & Totems Segmentary lineage |
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Age Sets - definition
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Association of similar aged people who are given specific social functions throughout their lives
Helps bond the society |
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Pan-Tribal Association
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Pantribal associations (e.g. councils, groups of elder men or more rarely women who are members of the same age set, secret societies, warrior societies, and religious cults)
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Tribe - Age sets: structure
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Age sets: (all in each age group)
Boyhood: the uninitiated do children's work 10-13 years: Herd animals 14-20 years: Warriors Over 30: Decision makers |
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Tribe - Age sets: reasons
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Helps to bond the society
Informal means of social control Each age has its own rules of behavior Peer friendship for lifetime: peer pressure is good pressure. It helps you behave properly Rites of passage: Ceremonies to signify new status Most harsh rite for male puberty: Shows strength and readiness for defending the village or herd Tie us together in a group |
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Tribe - Rites of passage
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3 phases of passage ritual
Male puberty ritual Separation of old self Give up what you were and become someone else: either physically or chalk Transition: undergo initiation & learn new responsibilities |
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Tribe - Rites of passage: Examples
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Reed through nose to make him bleed and then pure
Circumcision: Hard to identify with male roles due to closeness with mother or to show strength in male bonding with other male adults. Shows stamina, cuts ties with mom, shows strength to endure & bond with other guys Incorporation: back into the community chalk is taken off or given a spear to promote new status Modern: naming children, first drink, marriage, death |
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Tribes - Clans
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Ancestry goes beyond lineage
Social relationship exogamous Totems are identification Specific rituals tied to |
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Tribes - Segmentary lineage
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Way to bind males together to help with disputes.The close family is the smallest & closest segment & will generally stand with each other. That family is also a part of a larger segment of more distant cousins and their families, who will stand with each other when attacked by outsiders. They are then part of larger segments with the same characteristics. Basically, brothers will fight against cousins, unless outsiders come, and then they will join together, as expressed eg. in the old Arab saying: "Me and my brothers against my cousins, me and my cousins against the world."
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Tribes - Economy
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Division of Labor: exploit the environment
Crafts: have time, are sedentary & can carry things around Balanced Reciprocity |
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Balanced Reciprocity
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Done between distantly related people
Like bands: Exchange between family & friends Return doesn't need to be immediate, but within a specified time. If not you can't trust the trade relationship is over-obligation. |
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Tribes - Leadership
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No central leadership (authority), yet like bands
Based on kinship & alliances Elders for family leadership Mediates disputes Organizes feasts Arrange marriages |
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Tribes - Politics
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2 forms of leadership
Village council: Larger village Headman: Small village (50) Lead by example: they don't have the power to make you do anything. Can be fired if you continuously make bad judgements Leaders are part-timers: still farmers and dads Gain prestige from giving away any surplus |
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Tribes - Village leadership
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Village council:
Larger village: descent group leaders Small village: (50) |
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Tribe - Big Man
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Has influence over many villages
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Tribe - Politics: Leveling mechanism
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Keeps everyone on the same economic level
No poor people Hoarding is not allowed Basically egalitarian like bands No social classes: just a ranking system of elders and chiefs. Descent leader and tribal leader |
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Tribes - Conflict
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Personal but more aggressive: beating contests & then compensation
Can have conflicts over property because we own things now Mediation by outsider No power to say how the conflict is resolved |
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Tribes - Warfare
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Armed conflict between neighboring groups when food is scarce
Small scale: specified goal in mind to steal food and come back Can be for revenge |
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Tribes - Religion
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Reflects society: Communal
Rites of solidarity Ancestor cults: we now want to know who our grandparents and great-grandparents are Guardian Spirits: Dead are watching you. May get ill because the guardian spirits don't like the way you're acting Ancestral Shrines: Feeding the ancestors Levels of spirits: With their own territories may have an air spirit, lineage spirit. You have your own guardian spirit |
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Tribes - Shaman
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Shamans:
Personal trance/experience Inherited/Apprenticed More prestige: may even get paid |
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Tribes - Shaman ritual e.g.
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Shaman takes the salmon bones back to the river and the salmon will reemerge from the bones and will tell the others that he was treated well
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Tribes - Shaman: Ritual
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Target nature for crops to grow
Spirits are tied to nature - kuchina |
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Tribes - Shaman: Witchcraft
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if your crops fail (massive) you may have been cursed by some sort of witchcraft
A villager can't do this to the village - it would break down solidarity |
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Tribes - Shaman: Cure Illness
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Witchcraft
Shaman will ask who's angry and what he did to you and someone will always admit there is a problem. He will cure the person who is sick. This is all done publicly |
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Tribes - Shaman: Soul possession
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Exorcise to get the soul back
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Tribes - Shaman: Responsibilities
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Insure food and health
Ritual Fight witchcraft Cure illness Soul possession |
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Tribe - Art
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Functional
Forms are all uniform Nothing stands out No large element Repetition of design More ceremonial art - statues that represent ancestors Dance in circles but Masai jump - those who jump higher have more status moving away from egalitarianism |
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Bands - description of culture
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Hunter-gatherer
Families that camp and forage together Can have pets to use for hunting "The people of" - how they identify themselves 25-30 people who are all related through blood or marriage |
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Bands - Carrying capacity
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How many people the environment can feed without causing harm to the environment
Hunter-gatherer: one person per square mile |
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Bands - Optimal foraging
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Look for food that gives most calories for energy expended
Things are poisonous and hard to eat but they figure that out Look for food 4-5 hours - the rest of the day is yours |
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Bands - nomadic
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Depends on food and water supply
Very little impact on the environment Need to stay close to water when they travel May intentionally burn grassland to promote food supply: young plants encourage animals Only own what you can carry |
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Bands - Population control
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Too many people will put too much pressure on the environment
No sex for a long time after birth Long nursing period: suppresses fertility OR may split off and one group will become two or will live with another part of their family Non-preferred methods - only in extreme cases Mercy killing: old folks will sacrifice themselves so the grandchildren will live Female infanticide: men are prized because they go out to get meat |
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Bands - Territory
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Their world will be around 250 people
Territories overlap Elephant may go into another band's territory |
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Bands - Social structure
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Egalitarian
Nuclear family "elima" ceremony |
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Band - Social structure
Egalitarian |
Everyone is of equal value
No chief Everyone is important Everyone is dependent on one another No hierarchy No win-lose games: They are equal. The sport is in the game and no one is trying to be the winner |
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Horticulture - Definition
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simplest type of farming, using only basic hand tools
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Horticulture - Why?
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population increase: pressure pt on resources so manipulated wild foods to increase carrying capacity
for light clothing: fiber crops for clothing |
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Horticulture - slash and burn
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slash and burn
plots good for two years shift plots; not villages still hunt game |
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Horticulture - 2 methods
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Slash and Burn
Dry land farming |
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Horticulture - Dry land farming
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with animal
plant close to water |
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Horticulture - Negatives of farming
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variety of food smaller = poorer nutrition
increase for starvation denser population = health suffers through disease |
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Horticulture - Social Structure
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extended family: managed by lineage elder
men: heavy work, hunting, fishing women: cultivate fields; process food; forage children: collect insects, forage, kill small animals and bring food to table still practice sharing and cooperation |
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Horticulture - Warfare
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warfare: if can't produce enough
take neighbors already cleared land |
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Horticulture - Population Control
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No need
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Horticulture - Surplus
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lend out in ties of need
community celebration exchange with villages for things needed |
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Horticulture - Age Sets
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both boys and girls
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Horticulture - Female initiations
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Female Initiation rite
when females important in economics and human reproduction more often in "matrilocal" situations. In patrilocal societies |
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Horticulture - Brideprice
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payment to bride's family from groom's, before marriage
"why" of Bride-price compensate for loss of her labor and compensate for grandchildren's' labor insurance against abuse from in-laws ensure bride's family will help support marriage part of local economy outward symbol of union Bride-service: son- in-law comes to work at brides house daughter exchange |
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Horticulture - Matrilocal
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men off to war, or trading for long periods of time
women have economic power ex: Iroquois women gain status by being warriors and protectors |
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Horticulture - Patrilocal
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The family must pay bride-price because of the loss of labor from the daughter and her children.
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Horticulture - Descent Groups
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economically: distribution
socially: alliances and dispute settlement Politically: defense religiously: lineage ceremonies especially for ancestors CONTROL SOCIAL BEHAVIOR kinship terminology changes: Descriptive |
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Horticulture - Religion
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shamans: same basic jobs
food: focus on weather and cultivation imitative magic witchcraft social wrongs Health: ancestors watching family or witchcraft bad social relations |
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Pastoralism - Definition
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care of domesticated herd animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, camels
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Pastoralism - Choosing Animals
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1. already food source; see if good for taming
2. must be disease resistant 3. must like people and take commands 4. must be social so they can't be skittish or high strung |
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Pastoralism - Why herding alone
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split from farming when grazing lands far from village
some areas not good for farming, but good for animals |
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Pastoralism - Common Themes
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use marginal areas
movements depend on environment rarely self-sufficient- trade for survival economically unstable healthier lifestyle than farmers |
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Pastoral - Migratory Patterns
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Nomadic
Transhumance |
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Pastoral - Nomadic (Brasseri)
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Traditional migratory routes
Economy: each family owns at least 100 sheep and goats Trade with farmers - not self sufficient Social structure: Patrilineal camps, 30-40 families, Oldest male sits on council and makes all the decisions No age grades because no time Division of Labor: Gender Specific Men take care of herding and trading Women will sew and cook Marriage: arranged by fathers Little contact with outsider Endogamy Monogamy Levirate: Husband dies, widow marries his brother or close male relative of husband Sororate: wife dies, husband marries sister-in-law or other female relatives of wife Leadership: Camp headman Tribal chief - not nomadic, he pays someone to take his sheep up and down the mountain Organizes migratory routes Represents tribe to farmers (and government) Religion: based on cycle of herds small camp celebrations along the way for births and funerals for the dead. In villages have major rituals for marriages |
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Pastoral - Transhumance
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Stay in one place
Economy: Self sufficient Women have farming plots Fishing Milk from cattle meat when cow dies or in religious ceremonies Social structure: Age grades Strong village solidarity Prestige linked to Cattle Never killed for the sake of having meat Extra bride wealth so can have mor wives Bride Price Polygyny son inherits at |
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Bands - religion
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Animism - all spirits are equal
Humans are not separate from nature Great respect for animals and nature Mirrors society Spirits are manipulated not worshiped Anyone can have their own guardian spirit |
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Bands - Shaman
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Someone who has spiritual connections who can talk to the spirit world
Part-time - mostly male |
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Bands - Shaman: Job
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Ensure food supply:
Talk to animal spirits. Goes into an altered state and has a vision Magical paste on hunter's forehead Imitative magic Health: Cure illness Your soul may be lost so you may get sick or your spirit escaped your body. Shaman goes into an altered state and bring your spirit back |
