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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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in a descent group, the individual who stands at the apex, or top, of the common geneology
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apical ancestor
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basic unit of social organization among foragers. a band includes fewer than 100 people; it often splits up seasonally
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band
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the lineage of a child is traced through both parents
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bilateral lineage
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the rule-governed dialect spoken by American black youth, especially in inner-city areas; also spoken in rural areas and used in the casual, intimate speech of many adults; also known as ebonics
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black english vernacular (bev)
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a customary gift before, at, or after marriage from the husband and his kin to the wife and her kin
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bridewealth/brideprice
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unilineal descent group based on stipulated descent
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clan
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vocal systems of communication used by nonhuman primates, composed of limited number of sounds - calls - which are produced only when particular environmental stimuli are encountered
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call system
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absence of the verb "to be;" featured in BEV and in diverse languages, including Hebrew and Russian.
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copula deletion
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a permanent social unit whose members claim common ancestry; fundamental to tribal society
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descent group
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variance in a language
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dialect
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the existence of "high" (formal) and "low" (familial) dialects of a single language, such as German.
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diglossa
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a basic feature of language; the ability to speak of things and events that are not present
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displacement
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a marital exchange in which the wife's group provides substantial gifts to the husband's family
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dowry
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the study of lexical (vocabulary) contrasts and classifications in various languages
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ethnosemnatics
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mating or marriage outside of one's kin group; a cultural universal
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exogamy
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marriage between people of the same social group
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endogamy
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expanded household including three or more generations
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extended family
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nuclear family in which one is born and grows up
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family of orientation
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nuclear family established when one marries and has children
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family of procreation
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a linguistic term that describes things that set female speech apart from male speech
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female register
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personal relationships modeled on kinship, such as that between godparents and godchildren
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fictive kin
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a set of words and distinctions that are particularly important to certain groups (those with particular foci of experience or activity), such as types of snow to Eskimos or skiers
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focal vocabulary
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social characteristics and expectations that surround men and women in a society
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gender
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unequal distribution of rewards (socially valued resources, poewr, prestige, and personal freedom) between men and women, reflecting their different positions in a social hierarchy
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gender stratification
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the biological father
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genitor
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the biological mother
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genetrix
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marriage into a higher social class
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hypergamy
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marriage into a lower social class
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hypogamy
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universal prohibition against marrying or mating with a close relative
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incest taboo
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the study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and facial expressions
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kinesics
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the system by which people in a particular society reckon kin relationships
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kinship calculation
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associated "r" pronounciation with prestige through studies conducted in New York in 1972
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William Labov
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custom by which a widow marries the brother of her deceased husband
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levirate
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vocabulary; a dictionary containing all the morphemes in a language and their meaning
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lexicon
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notion that all languages and dialects are equally effective as systems of communication
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linguistic relativism
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the idea that the same forces that have produced large-scale linguistic changes over the centuries, working gradually, are still at work and can be observed in linguistic events (language use) taking place today
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linguistic uniformitarianism
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social mother
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mater
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customary residence with the wife's relatives after marriage, so that children grow up in their mother's community
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matrilocal residence
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a society rules by women; unknown to ethnography
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matriarchy
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using language to talk about language or draw attention to it
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metalanguage
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words that resemble each other in all but one sound; used to discover phonemes
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minimal pairs
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- live in Indonesia
- example of how matrilineality affect society - play an important role running the village and raising children - men travel back and forth from his wife’s house to his mother’s house, have no real affect on things |
minangkabau
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marriage or realtions with only one person
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monogamy
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minimal linguistic form (usually a word) with meaning
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morpheme
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the study of form; used in linguistics (the study of morphemes and word construction) and for form in general - for example, biomorphology relates to physical form
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morphology
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postmarital residence pattern in which a couple establishes a new place of residence rather than living with or near either set of parents
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neolocal residence
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tribe in africe; classic example of an indiginous anarchist political structure without a single leader or leader group
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nuer
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kinship group consisting of parents and children
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nuclear family
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social father
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pater
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the set of nonphonemic properties of speech, such as speaking tempo, vocal pitch, and intonational contours, that can be used to communicate attitudes or other shades of meaning
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paralanguage
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political system ruled by men in which women have inferior social and political status, including basic human rights
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patriarchy
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significant sound contrast in a language that serves to distinguish meaning, as in minimal pairs
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phoneme
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the study of sounds used in speech
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phonology
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marriage with three or more spouses, at the same time
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polygamy
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variety of plural marriage in which a man has more than one wife
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polygyny
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variety of plural marriage in which a woman had more than one husband
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polyandry
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a basic feature of language; the ability to use the rules of one's language to create new expressions comprehensible to other native speakers
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productivity
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a language's meaning system
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semantics
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certain titles that were once honorary take on derogatory meanings; ex. mistress, dame
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semantic derogation
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communication without words; ex. art, dress, music, etc.
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semiotics
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marriage of a given individual to several spouses, but not at the same time
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serial monogamy
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marked differences in male and female biology besides the contrasts in breasts and genitals
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sexual dimorphism
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study of relationships between social and linguistic variation; study of language in its social context
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sociolinguistics
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if a man’s wife dies or is barren, her sister will marry him and bear him children
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sororate
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the arrangement and order of words in phrases and sentences
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syntax
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complex sociopolitical system that administers a terriory and populace with substantial contrasts in occupation, wealth, prestige, and power. an independent, centrally organized political unit, a government
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state
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form of sociopolitical organization usually based on horticulture and pastoralism. socioeconomic stratification and centralized rule are absent in tribes, and there is no means of enforcing political decisions
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tribe
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unilineal descent rule in which people join the father's group automatically and birth and stay members throughout life
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patrilineal descent
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unilineal descent rule in which people join the mother's group automatically at birth and stay members throughout life
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matrilineal descent
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a systematic relationship between the grammatical categories of the language a person speaks and how that person both understands the world and behaves in it
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whorf-sapir hypothesis
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