Cultural Anthropology Chapters 1-3

Front 1

Anthropology

Back 1

The systematic study of humankind.

Front 2

Holistic Perspective

Back 2

A broad, comprehensive approach to the study of humankind drawing on the four subfields of anthropology and integrating both biological and cultural phenomenon.

Front 3

Paleoanthropology

Back 3

The study of human evolution through the analysis of fossil remains.

Front 4

Historical Linguistics

Back 4

The comparison and classification of different languages to discern the historical links among them.

Front 5

Sociolinguistics

Back 5

The systematic study of language use in various social settings to discern the links between language and social behavior.

Front 6

Applied Anthropology

Back 6

The use of data gathered from the other subfields of anthropology to find practical solutions to problems in a society.

Front 7

Participant Observation

Back 7

The method used by the ethnographer who learns the culture of the group being studied by participating in the group's daily activities.

Front 8

Artifact

Back 8

The material products of past societies.

Front 9

Medical Anthropology

Back 9

The study of disease, health care systems, and theories of disease and curing in different societies.

Front 10

Cultural Anthropology

Back 10

The subfield of anthropology that focuses on the study of contemporary societies.

Front 11

First Contact

Back 11

Initial encounters between peoples of different societies.

Front 12

It is a social science because it requires hard evidence but it is also a humanity because it has to study (interpret) human behavior.

Social Science

*Cultural Anthropology and Ethnology are closely linked to Sociology.

*It overlaps the fields of psychology, economics, and political science.

Humanity

*Many anthropologists explore the creative cultural dimensions of humanity such as myth, folklore, poetry, art, music, and mythology.

*Ethnopoetics, Ethnomusicology

All Encompassing World View

Back 12

Reason why anthropology is a part of social science and part of humanity.

Front 13

*Conflict over the environment

*Early work focused on practical aspects of planning, managing, and evaluating community forestry programs and projects.

*Made connection between communities and public projects to ensure their success. For example it was apparent that conservation efforts in Kenya could not be understood without relating them to

long struggles involving different rural groups, government agencies, commercial interests, and other stakeholders.

*In 1992 served as team leader in Bangladesh's social forestry project. The project meant to address long standing conflicts sometimes served to intensify them. His team identified these issues and

terminated the project early in some tribal areas where conflict was becoming worse.

*Wrote a handbook for negotiating and mediating natural resource conflicts.

Back 13

Peter Castro

Front 14

Cosmology

Back 14

Ideas that present the universe as an orderly system, including answers to basic questions about the place of humankind.

Front 15

Hominids

Back 15

The family of primates that includes modern humans and their direct ancestors who share distinctive types of teeth, jaws, and bipedalism.

Front 16

Primates

Back 16

A diverse order of mammals, including humans, monkeys, and apes, that share similar characteristics.

Front 17

Bipedalism

Back 17

The ability to walk erect on two hind legs.

Front 18

Multiregional Evolutionary Model

Back 18

The view that Homo Sapiens evolved from Homo Erectus concurrently in different regions of the world.

Front 19

Replacement Model

Back 19

The paleoanthropological theory that Homo Sapiens evolved in one world area and then expanded, replacing regional populations of earlier hominids.

Front 20

Scientific Creationism

Back 20

This group proposes a biblically based explanation for the origins of the universe and of life. They reject modern physics, chemistry, and geology concerning the age of the Earth. They argue that the entire universe was created within a period of six days, based on the account in Genesis 1:2. They believe that the universe was spontaneously created by divine fiat 6,000 to 10,000 years ago, challenging evidence for billions of years of geological history and fossil evidence. These creationists explain the existence of fossilized remains of ancient life by referring to a universal flood that covered the entire Earth for forty days. Surviving creatures were saved by being taken aboard Noah’s ark. Creatures that did not survive this flood, such as dinosaurs, became extinct. This creationist view is taught in some of the more fundamentalist denominations of Protestantism, Judaism, and Islam.

Front 21

Genes

Back 21

Discrete units of hereditary information that determine specific physical characteristics of organisms.

Front 22

*Wrote "On the Origins of Species" in 1859

*Developed theory of evolution and natural selection independently but simultaneously to Alfred Wallace.

Back 22

Charles Darwin

Front 23

*Austrian Monk

*In 1860's began a series of breeding experiments with Pea plants.

*Through his experiments he developed the new science of genetics, a field of biology that deals with inheritance of different characteristics

*His particles or units of inheritance are called genes. (DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Back 23

Gregor Mendel

Front 24

Eve Theory (Eve Hypothesis)

Back 24

A replacement hypothesis that suggests that there is a direct genetic link between a woman or a group of women in Africa about 200k years ago and modern Homo Sapiens. This model was based on primarily genetic evidence (mitochondrial DNA - Molecular samples from populations of women throughout the world).

Front 25

*Best known people of the upper Paleolithic in Europe.

*The name comes from a site in Dordogne, France, dated about 25k years ago.

*Brain capacity of 1,600 cc

*Some have heavy bones and developed brow ridges, suggesting similarities with Neandertals.

Back 25

Cro-Magnon

Front 26

Composite Tool

Back 26

An implement fashioned from several other materials. An example is the Harpoon which might consist of a wooden shaft that is slotted for the insertion of sharp stone flakes. Another example is needles for sewing clothing and fibers for making rope, nets, trapping equipment, and many other artifacts.

Front 27

Bonobos

Back 27

Genetically closest great apes.

Front 28

Bipedalism

Back 28

This occurred before increased brain size.

Front 29

Culture

Back 29

A shared way of life that includes the material products and non-material products (values, beliefs, and norms) that are transmitted within a particular society from generation to generation.

Front 30

Enculturation

Back 30

The process of social interaction through which people learn their culture.

Front 31

Stages of Enculturation

Back 31

1.) Situational Learning (Aka. Trial and Error and Conditioning)

2.) Social Learning

3.) Symbolic Learning

Front 32

Situational Learning

Back 32

A.K.A. Trial and Error or Conditioning. Learning in which an organism adjusts its behavior on the basis of direct experience. Learning by directly experiencing.

Front 33

Social Learning

Back 33

This occurs when one organism observes another organism respond to a stimulus and then adds that response to its own collection of behaviors. Learning by watching others.

Front 34

Symbolic Learning

Back 34

Uniquely human form of learning that provides the basis for the capacity for culture. It is based on our linguistic capacity and ability to use and understand symbols.

Front 35

Components of Culture

Back 35

1.) Schema

2.) Values

3.) Norms

4.) Symbols

5.) Ideology

Front 36

Schema

Back 36

Cultural models that are internalized by individuals and have an influence on decision making and behavior.

Front 37

Values

Back 37

The standards by which members of a society define what is good or bad, holy or unholy, beautiful or Ugly. (No punishment if one doesn't follow.)

Front 38

Norms

Back 38

A society's rules of right and wrong behavior. (Punishment follows if one breaks)

Front 39

Symbols

Back 39

Arbitrary meaningful units or models we use to represent reality.

Front 40

Ideaology

Back 40

Consists of cultural symbols and beliefs that reflect and support the interest of specific groups within society.

Front 41

Ethnocentrism

Back 41

The practice of judging another society by the values and standards of one's own.

Front 42

Cultural Relativism

Back 42

The view that cultural traditions must be understood within the context of a particular society's responses to problems, cultural practices, and values.

Front 43

Cultural Diversity

Back 43

1.) All cultures have material and non material sides.

2.) An anthropologist must differentiate between real (what they say) and ideal (what they do) culture.

3.) Subculture

Front 44

Material Culture

Back 44

Tangible products of human society.

Front 45

Nonmaterial Culture

Back 45

Intangible products of human society, including values, beliefs, and norms.

Front 46

Real Culture

Back 46

People's actual behaviors, as opposed to ideal culture.

Front 47

Ideal Culture

Back 47

What people say they do or should do.

Front 48

Subculture

Back 48

A culture within a culture.

Front 49

Examples of Cultural Diversities and Similarities

Back 49

1.) Food (deeply embedded in culture) such as pork lovers vs pork haters.

2.) Clothes and appearance are also deeply influenced by a culture. Example: Rastafarian clothing and hairdos represent power and liberation (freedom) of all humanity.

Front 50

Communication

Back 50

The first problem and than anthropologist will encounter when making first contact.

Front 51

1.) Physical Anthropology

2.) Archaeology

3.) Linguistic Anthropology

4.) Cultural Anthropology

Sub Sub Field: Applied Anthropology

Back 51

The 4 major branches of Anthropology plus the sub sub field.

Front 52

Physical Anthropology

Back 52

Includes Paleoanthropology and Primatology. They conduct human variation studies.

Front 53

Human Variation Study

Back 53

A study of modern humans and our ancestors through genetics.

Front 54

Primatology

Back 54

Study of monkey and great apes

Front 55

1.) Orangutan

2.) Gorilla

3.) Chimpanzee

4.) Bonobo

5.) Human Beings

Back 55

5 known Great Ape Species

Front 56

Linguistic Anthropology

Back 56

The subfield of anthropology that focuses on the study of language.

Front 57

Archaeology

Back 57

The subfield of anthropology that focuses on the study of the artifacts from past societies to determine the lifestyles, history, and evolution of those societies.

Front 58

Rebecca Khan

Back 58

Pioneer of the Mitochondrial DNA method of lineage tracing for forensics.

Front 59

Jane Goodall and Diane Fosse (Gorillas in the Midst)

Back 59

Famous primatologists.