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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Unilineal/cultural evolution |
Edward Taylor, Lewis Henry Morganthey |
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Assumptions of unilineal |
1. Societies are best studied one by one 2. They can be arrayed on a line from simple to complex 3. One end of this line is better than the other 4. “Psychic unity of mankind” |
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Bronislaw Malinowski |
Long term immersion, participant observation and informal conversation with Pacific Islanders set new standard for collection of empirical data |
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Franz Boas |
Worked among American and Canadian indigenous people -pioneered “four field” approach -stressed careful historical/economical/political context -stressed reflexivity -one of the first to refute biological notions of race based on empirical measures |
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Holism |
Must consider context and connections among societies |
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Goals of anthropology |
-holism -comparative approach -critical analysis (stepping in and stepping back) |
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Key ethnographic methods |
-observation and participant observation -ethnographic interviews -preparatory reading, language training, often learning other skills |
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Culture |
Learned habits of thinking and behaving that help is to manage and to understand our environment |
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Cultural relativism |
The notion that a persons beliefs and actions can best be understood from within the perspective of his or her own culture- to suspend judgement about a given practice |
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Ethnocentrism |
The tendency to judge the customs of other societies by the standards of ones own |
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Culture shock |
The feeling of disorientation one may experience when thrust into an unfamiliar cultural setting where ones “ordinary” rules of behavior no longer apply |
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Symbol |
Anything to which some group of people have assigned an arbitrary meaning |
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Properties of symbols |
-condensation -polarization of meaning -multivocality -ambiguity |
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Phoneme |
Smallest unit of sound in a given language |
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Morpheme |
Smallest unit of meaning in a given language |
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reproduction |
-entails physiological processes and social activities -major site of contention over cultural values, ideas of risk, and the “good birth” |
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Personhood |
-under certain conditions humans may be born and yet denied personhood -can occur well after birth -can occur well before birth |
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Cognitive model |
Abstraction used to interpret reality and act upon it |
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Idiosyncratic |
Unique to individuals |
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Cultural models |
Cognitive models widely shared among members of a group |
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Metaphoric cultural models |
Explain complex abstract phenomena in terms of simple and readily apparent ones |
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Gender as a cultural model |
At least two genders in all known societies but expectations for each gender extremely variable |
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Sex |
Bodily characteristics distinguishing males and females |
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Gender |
Norms, values, roles and prohibitions associated with maleness and femaleness in a given culture or society |
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Third genders |
Fairly common, highly variable— some consider selves third-gendered, others do not |
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Marriage |
Family as basic unit of all known societies |
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Function of kin |
-mutual support and responsibility -kin terms may elicit certain kinds of expected behavior -in many small scale societies are equivalent of bureaucracies, churches, schools -often important religious factors |
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Fictive kinship |
Not determined by blood or marriage |
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Metaphorical kinship |
Kin language gets used to denote closeness |
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Functions of marriage |
-socially accepted site for raising children, but note biological and cultural/legal parents may be different -restricted sexual access -social and economical exchange -love? |
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Monogamy |
Union of one person to another, usually but not always male and female: cultural ideal in 20% of societies historically |
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Polygyny |
Union of one male to more than one female: extremely common, cultural ideal in 80% of all societies historically |
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Polyandry |
Union of one female to more than one male: relatively rare 2% of human societies, tends to limit family size |
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Polygamy |
A general term for plural marriage |
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Exogamy |
Marrying out |
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Endogamy |
Marrying in |
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Hypergamy |
Marrying up |
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Kinship |
Social connections can be thought of as forms of relatedness— of all forms of relatedness kinship networks are the more widespread and most important |
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Functions of a human society |
-members recognize it as a group -territorially localized -bonded by common symbolic representations -primary recruitment is by procreation rather than recruitment from outside -most interactions are within the group |
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Status |
Publicly recognized social position |
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Role |
Customary behaviors that go with a status |
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Ascribed status |
Inescapable, you’re born or grow into it |
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Achieved status |
Earned by ones efforts or those of others |
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Egalitarian societies |
All members of a group have roughly the same access to peer, prestige, property, and pleasure |
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Common stratification |
-gender -class -race -ethnicity |
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Race |
An important cultural model of classification; doesn’t represent valid biological groupings within the single species of humankind |
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History of race |
-used to justify inequality -worked its way into politics and medical science -race in the US has changed over time |
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Institutionalized racism |
Systemically different access to social foods by race |
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Personal mediated racism |
Prejudice/discrimination by individual based on race |
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Internalized racism |
Acceptance of racialized ranking by people who are ranked low on that basis of these |
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Agency |
The capability to act, including to act with or against structures of power |
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Resistance |
Actively subverting hegemony in various ways |
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Structural vulnerability |
Harms resulting from inequities produced by social structures |
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Cash economy |
-cash tax used by colonizers to mobilize African labor -effects of labor migration on health -effects of cash economy on women |
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Structural adjustment programs |
-user fees for health and education -decrease state costs by privatizing services and freezing civil servant pay/jobs -weaken minimum wages, price controls, subsidies, labor protections |
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Culturalism |
Belief that culture is unified entity and may be used to fully account for people’s behavior |
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Three fallacies |
-cultures are neatly bound -cultures are monolithic -humans are passively molded by culture |
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Emic |
See a culture from the perspective of those who are in it |
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Etic |
See a culture from an outside view |
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Purpose of stories/narratives |
-make sense of past and explain how we got to present -project is into the future -give us an opportunity to understand our choices as leading to different possible outcomes |
