Critical Thinking

Front 1

Argument

Back 1

Set of statements with premises which affirm the conclusion

Front 2

logic

Back 2

study of methods for evaluating whether the premises support the conclusion of an argument

Front 3

Valid argument

Back 3

it is necessary that if the premises are true, then the conclusion is true--conclusion must be true, premises arent "important"

Front 4

invalid argument

Back 4

not necessary that if the premises are true, the conclusion is true

Front 5

sound argument

Back 5

valid, and all the premises are true

Front 6

unsound argument

Back 6

either is invalid, or has a false premise

Front 7

deductive logic

Back 7

part of logic that concerns tests for validity and invalidity

Front 8

induction

Back 8

reasoning from the past, has no logical guarantee

Front 9

abduction

Back 9

reasoning the the best explanation

Front 10

problification

Back 10

a list of statements makes something very probable

Front 11

statement

Back 11

sentence that has a true/false value, no questions or commands

Front 12

indexicals

Back 12

here, there, now, him

Front 13

discount

Back 13

not sure, although, in spite of

Front 14

repition

Back 14

could help doubting, but logically unnecessary

Front 15

assurance

Back 15

obscures the logic, "it's obvious that"

Front 16

Meta-argument

Back 16

doesnt use premises, rather uses clever language to get reader to accept conclusion

Front 17

argument from authority

Back 17

relies on an expert and uses their status to try and prove your point

Front 18

argument from analogy

Back 18

comparing 2 things and justifying something through their similarities

Front 19

cogent

Back 19

strong argument with all premises being true

Front 20

strong argument

Back 20

it is probable that if the premises are true, the conclusion also is true

Front 21

uncogent

Back 21

argument that is either weak or strong with a false premise

Front 22

inductive logic tests what?

Back 22

strength and weakness

Front 23

Modus Ponens

Back 23

If A, then B.
A.
So, B

Front 24

Modus Tollens

Back 24

If A, then B.
Not B.
So, Not A

Front 25

Fallacy of Denying the Antecedent

Back 25

If A, then B.
Not A.
So, Not B

Front 26

Fallacy of affirming the consequent

Back 26

If A, then B.
B.
So, A

Front 27

Hypothetical Syllogism

Back 27

If A, then B.
If B, then C.
So, If A, then C

Front 28

Disjunctive Syllogism

Back 28

Either A or B.
Not A.
So B.

Front 29

Constructive Dilemma

Back 29

Either A or B.
If A, then C.
If B, then D.
So, Either C or D.