Critical Thinking

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Reasoning

Back 1

when the mind draws conclusions on the basis of reason

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elements of thought

Back 2

parts of critical thinking or the fundemental structure of thought

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critical thinking

Back 3

takes thinking apart

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inert information

Back 4

taking information in, though memorized we do not understand

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activated ignorance

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taking informaion into the mind, actively using informaton that is false, though we mistake it to be true.

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activated knowledge

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taking information in that is true and when unerstood instightfully, leads us by implication to more and more knowledge,

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ad hominem

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dismissing an argument by attackeing the person who offers it rather than by refuting its reasoning

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appeal to aurthority

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to justify support for a position by citing an esteemed or well known figure who supports it, an appeal to authority does not address the merrit of the postion

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appeal to popularity

Back 9

citing major sentiment or popular approach as a reason for supporting a claim. It assumes that any position favored by the larger crowd must be true or worthy.

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begging the question

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asserting a conclusion that is assumed in reasoning. The reason given to support the conclusion restates the conclusion.

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either or

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assuming only 2 alternatives when in reality there are more than 2. It implies that 1 of the 2 outcomes is ineveitable. Either x or y.

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faulty analogy

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drawing an invalid comparison btween things for the purpose of wither supporting or refuting some position. A faulthy analogy suggest that because 2 things are alike in some respect they musht be alike in other repescts.

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hasty generalazation

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inferring a general propostion about something based on to small a sample or an unrepresenative sample.

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red herring

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introducing an irrelevant point or topic to divert attention from the issue at hand. It is a tatic for confusint the point under debate.

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search for the perfect solution

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asserting that a solution is not worth adopting because it does not fix the problem completly.

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slippery slope

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to suggest that a step or action once taken will lead inevitably to smaller steps or actions with presubably undesirable results, the fallacy is invoked to justify not taking whatever intial step or action, leat it lead us downward.

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straw man

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distorting or exaggerating an opponets argument so that it might be more easily attacked.

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2 wrongs make a right

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defending or justifying our postions or conduct by pointing to a similar wrong done by someone else.

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mean

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adding up all valuse and dividing the sum by total number of values

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median

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middle value in a series of values

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mode

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is the value that appers most frequently

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analogy

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drawing a comparison between two things in order to show meaningful resemblence between them. It implies that if two things are alike in one respet, they will be like in other respect.

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intution

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a hunch or gut feeling , premetion

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personal observation

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what we see first hand

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appeal to authority

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justify a postion by citing an expert or authortiy who suports it

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case expample

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a detatiled account of a person or event, a striking or framatic anedote.

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testimonial

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an account of someone elses personal experience

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survey

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a research method, or insturment for measureing peoples attitudes or beliefs

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research study

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a systematic set of observations collected through scientific methods

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How do you disclaim an Implied Warranty Of Title?

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It may be excluded or modified only by specific language or by circumstances (sales by sheriffs, executors, foreclosing lienors) which give buyer reason to know that the seller does not claim title in himself, or is purporting to sell only an unknown or limited right.

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quantitative evidence

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express a number or impirical measure, derives from quanative research deductive analyais uses scientific method.

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qualitative evidence

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understanding of what something means and how it happend, derives from participant obervation, personal communication.