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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who focused on the American Dream?
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Merton
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What were Merton's 4 forms of adaptation?
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1. Conformity
2. Innovation 3. Ritualism 4. Retreatism 5. Rebellion |
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What are Cloward and Ohlin’s three patterns of adaptation?
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The Criminal Pattern
The Conflict Pattern The Retreatist Pattern |
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What is the middle class measuring rod?
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According to Cohen, strain arises when people fail to meet the standards of this middle class measuring rod.
Middle class: responsibility, ambition, ability to delay gratification, possession of skills etc. |
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What are the three sources of strain?
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1. Prevention from achieving positive goals
2. Removal of positive stimuli 3. Introduction of negative stimuli |
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What do all control theories assume?
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That people would not commit crimes without some influence pushing them towards crime.
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What are Hirschi's four elements of a social bond?
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1. Attachment*
2. Commitment 3. Involvement 4. Belief *most important |
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What constitutes a stake in conformity?
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- must have earned the stake
- must know consequences - stake must be lost due to criminal involvement |
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What are important characteristics (3) of effective and ineffective parenting according to Gottfredson and Hirschi?
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1. No working mothers
2. No single parent families 3. No large families |
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According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, what must a parent do to be effective at raising children?
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1. Recognize poor behavior
2. Monitor behavior 3. Punish deviant behavior |
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Who focused on stakes in conformity?
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Tobey
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Who focused on the importance of family in establishing self-control?
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Nye
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Give an example of a self-fulfilling prophecy.
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Al became a delinquent because he was called a delinquent repeatedly growing up (labeling theory).
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What is the difference between primary and secondary deviance? Name the scholar.
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Primary --> deviant behavior, situational and rare
Secondary --> has been caught and labeled, deviance becomes part of identity (Lemert) |
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What causes secondary deviance?
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There is a reciprocal relationship between deviation and societal reaction.
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For general deterrence, __________ shaming works best, whereas for specific deterrence, __________ shaming works best.
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General deterrence: public shaming
Specific deterrence: private shaming |
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Fear of shame is a ________ deterrent.
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Fear of shame is a specific deterrent.
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Shaming includes __________ and ___________ to strengthen ties to the community.
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Shaming includes forgiveness and repentance to strengthen ties to community.
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Who does the fear of shaming work best for?
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Individuals that are interdependent on society and person must actually care.
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How is shaming at odds with labeling theory?
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Forgiveness and repentance
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Although sex offenders have relatively low recidivism rates, there are _________ registered sex offenders in America.
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700,000
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According to Miller, what do the different social classes expect?
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Lower class: trouble, toughness, fate, smartness, excitement
upper class: autonomy |
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According to Miller, who are to blame for boys entering gangs? Why?
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Black female-headed households because they lacked a male role model.
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What are Black’s five concepts that shape law?
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1. Stratification (proportional difference in wealth)
2. Morphology (How people are organized in social sphere) 3. Culture (made up ways that we do things together) (education, 4. Organization (amount, size, and strengths of groups) 5. Social Control (All forms of control other than law (beliefs, family, school) |
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How are laws enacted in modern conflict theory?
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Legislative process of conflict and compromise
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Who are the victims of law enforcement?
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People who are poor and have little power.
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This type of empirical research defines, describes and counts. Who? What? Where? When? How many?
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Descriptive
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This type of qualitative empirical research gathers more information on newly identified areas/concerns. What's going on?
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Exploratory
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This type of empirical research aims to show cause and effect; seeks to answer the question, "Why?"
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Explanatory
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This type of empirical research tests the effect of intervention?
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Evaluation
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What are the four stages in research strategy?
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1. Theory
2. Hypothesis 3. Collect Data 4. Make Generalization |
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T/F: Housewives have lower rates of illness than women who work outside the home
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False; housewives have higher rates of illness than women who work outside the home
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What is population heterogeneity and what does it explain?
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There are many different people in the population, some do crime and some do not. Explains age-crime curve.
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What is state dependence and what does it explain?
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Kinds of contexts, anyone can be criminal in the right context at the right moment. It explains the age-crime curve.
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According to Moffit, "abstainers" are...
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Someone who in no way is involved in crime.
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According to Moffit, "adolescents" are...
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those who have limited criminal behavior, more common than an abstainer. The maturity gap must be considered *adventuring, freedom*
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According to Moffit, "life-course persistents" are...
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Those who are career criminals or common offenders; only 4-8% of offenders are "life-course persistents" but they do commit the vast majority of serious crime.
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According to Moffit, "late onsets" are...
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Those who start their criminal career late in life such as Walter off of Breaking Bad.
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What are some important characteristics of desistence according to Sampson and Laub?
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Social Control
Routine Activities Human Agency DO NOT PICK "INCREASED SELF-CONTROL" |
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What life events are attributed to desistence? (3)
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1. Marriage and children
2. Employment 3. Military Service |
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What is a turning point?
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Something that changes the trajectory of your life, can be bad or good.
(Birth of a child, marriage, death of a loved one, loss of a job, etc.) |
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What is Project HOPE? What were the results?
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Hawaii's Opportunity Probation w/ Enforcement
Excellent example of graduated sanctions Randomized drug tests weekly Quick punishments, short window 86% less positive drug tests 80% less missed probation meetings |
