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70 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

7 Forms of Transnational Criminality

1. Illicit drug trafficking


2. Illicit arms traficking


3. Trafficking of persons


4. Money laundering


5. Infiltration of legal business


6. Destruction of property


7. Computer crime

Terrorism

Definition by the State Department: the premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against non combat agents, usually intended to influence an audience.



Definition by Adler: the use of threat of violence directed at people or governments to punish them for past actions and/or to bring about change of policy which is to the terrorist’s liking

Mala in Se


(& example)

-inherently evil


-immoral in nature


-highly deviant


-has a victim


-ex: murder

Mala Prohibita


(& example)

-wrong only because it's prohibited


-not inherently evil


-not deviant


-no victim


-ex: drug use

Deviance

-behavior that violates social norms & laws


-immoral not illegal


-some acts shift from deviant to illegal

Crime

-any human behavior that violates criminal law and is subject to punishment



What makes an act a crime?

*1. Act


2. Legality


3. Harm


4. Causation


*5. Mens Rea- mental state


6. Concurrence


7. Punishment

Consensus Perspective


(& example)

-everyone agrees that something is bad and should be punished


-ex: murder

Conflict Perspective

-people follow the rule only because they fear


punishment


-ex: texting and driving

Offenses Against Person

1. Murder


2. Rape


3. Assault


4. Robbery

Offenses Against Property

1. Burglary


2. Larceny


3. Motor vehicle theft


4. Arson

National Crime Victimization Survey

-measures the extent of a crime by interviewing the victim


-includes time, place, people, weapons, (etc.)


-published by the Bureau of Justice Statistics

Cesare Beccaria

-Father of Modern Criminology


-believed in utilitarianism and free-will

Baccaria's Principles

1. Laws should be used to maintain the social contract


2. Only legislators should create laws


3. Judges should impose punishment only in accordance with the law


4. Judges should not interpret the law


5. Punishment should be based on the pleasure/pain principle


6. Punishment should be based on the act, not the actor


7. Punishment should be determined by the crime


8. Punishment should be prompt and effective


9. All people should be treated equally


10. Capital punishment should be abolished


11. The use of torture to get a confession should be abolished


12. It is better to prevent crimes than to punish them

Physiognomy

-study of facial features and their relationship to


behavior

Phrenology

-bumps on your head indicate psychological tendencies

Craniometry

-measurements of the skull

The Born Criminal

-Cesare Lombroso


-have atavistic stigma


-unpleasant physical features


-ex: tattoos, piercings

Insane Criminal


(not from birth)

-becomes a criminal as a result of a change in their brain which hinders them from knowing right from wrong

Raffaele Garofalo

-traced the roots of criminal behavior to psychological features --> "moral anomalies"


-natural crimes are those that offend probity (respect of property) and piety (revulsion on inflicting suffering on others

William Sheldon's Somatotypes

-endomorph = small body types

-mesomorph = normal body types, most likely to be involved in illegal behavior


-ectomorph = large body types

Jukes Family

-inherited criminality


-long history of criminals


-Ada Jukes was the "mother of criminals"


-Richard Dougdale argued that they were passing on a degenerate trait

Emile Durkheim

-created the structural functionalist perspective


-crime is a normal part of society


-crime creates social solidarity


-crime creates social change


-ex: gay marriage


-when members unite against a deviant, they reaffirm the shared values

Anomie

-created by Emile Durkheim


-breakdown of social order as a result of the loss of standards and values


-normlessness

Biocriminality

-study of physical aspects and how they relate to criminality

Risk factors related to violence

-hyperactivity


-low IQ


-cruelty to animals


-bedwetting


-fearlessness


-poor early grades

Psychoanalytic theories

1. A conscience so overbearing that it arouses feelings of guilt (mom-like, worrier)


2. A conscience so weak that it can't control impulses (reckless)


3. The need for immediate gratification (the only child)

Id

-consists of powerful urges and drives for gratification


-the devil

Ego

-executive of the personality


-moderator between the Id and Superego


-the angel

Superego

-acts as a moral code or conscience

Lawrence Kohlberg's Moral Reasoning

1. Pre-conventional level = children follow rules to avoid punishment


2. Conventional level = individuals believe the rules and values of society


3. Post-conventional level = examine social rules according to your own sense of morals

John Bowlby's 7 features of attachment

1. Specify


2. Duration


3. Engagement of emotion


4. Ontogeny (course of development)


5. Learning


6. Organization


7. Biological function

Social learning theory

-delinquent behavior is learned


-learned whenever behavior is reinforced or rewarded

Observational learning

-children learn violence and aggression through behavior modeling

Instigators of aggression

1. Aversive


2. Incentive (for reward)


3. Modeling


4. Instructional (do what is told)


5. Delusional (no basis)

3 Dimentions of conditional theory

1. Psychoticism = aggressive, impulsive


2. Extroversion = dominant, sensation seeking


3. Neuroticism = low self esteem, mood swings

Strain theory

-argues that all members of society follow the values set by the middle class


-the gap between those who achieve the values or goals and those who try to achieve them by other, not allowed ways is called strain


-strain leads to anger

Robert Merton's modes of adaptation

1. Conformity (achieve American dream)


*2. Innovation (most likely criminal)


3. Ritualism (happy on outside, sad on inside)


4. Retreatism (ex: drug addicts, alcoholics


*5. Rebellion

Categories of strain

-failure to achieve positively valued goals ($$$)


-presentation of harmful stimuli (death of a family member


-removal of positively valued stimuli (losing your job)

Differential association theory

1. Criminal behavior is learned


2. It is learned in interaction with other people


3. Principle part of learning occurs in intimate groups


4. Learned criminal behavior includes techniques of committing crimes and direction of motives, drives (etc.)


5. Motives and drives are learned as favorable or unfavorable legal codes


6. A person becomes delinquent when it is more favorable to break the law


7. Associations may vary in frequency, priority, intensity and duration


8. Process of learning crim. behavior involves the same mechanisms of other learning


9. While crim. behavior is anexpression of general needs and values, it is not explained by those n&v, since noncriminal behavior is an expression of the same n&v

Corner boys

-try to make the best out of bad situations


-work menial jobs and have conventional lives


-most lower class boys



College boys

-continually strive to live up to middle class standards


-chances to succeed are limited because they are less academically and socially prepared

Delinquent boys

-band together to form a subculture where they define an attainable status


-reaction formation: mechanism that releases anxiety through the rejection of what one wants but cannot attain


-turn middle class norm upside down

Criminal gangs

-form in lower class areas


-organized structure of adult criminal behavior

Conflict gangs

-develop in areas that have weak stability and little to no organization

Retreatist gangs

-made up of individuals who have failed to succeed and couldn't achieve status in the criminal or conflict gangs

Focal concerns


(Miller)

1. Trouble


2. Toughness


3. Smartness


4. Excitement


5. Luck


6.Autonomy

Types of suburban gangs

1. Delinquent gangs


2. Hate gangs


3. Satanic gangs

Social control theory

-focuses on techniques/strategies that regulate human behavior and lead to conformity or obedience to society's rules


-ex: increased ban of smoking

Macrosociological theory of social control

-explores the legal system, specifically law enforcement


-social and economic directives of the government


-powerful groups



Microsociological theory of social control

-focuses on informal systems


-examines a person's internal control system


-data based on individuals

Hirshi's social bonding theory

1. Attachment (to parents, peers (etc.)


2. Commitment (to conventional lines of action)


3. Involvement (with activities that promote the interests of society


4. Belief (of the society's value system)

Techniques of neutralization

1. Denial of responsibility


2. Denial of injury


3. Denial of the victim


4. Condemnation of the condemner


5. Appeal to higher loyalties

Walter Reckless's containment theory

-assumes that for every individual there is a containing external structure and a protective internal structure which both provide protection against delinquency

Outer containment

-opportunity for the individual to achieve status


-set of limits and activities


-sense of belongingness and identification with the group

Inner containment

-a good self concept


-self control


-well developed conscience


-high frustration tolerance


-high sense of responsibility

General theory of crime

-Hirshi and Gottfredson


-assumes that offenders have little self control over their behaviors and desires


-crime is a function of poor self control

Labeling theory

Deterrence

1. Certainty


2. Swiftness


3. Severity

Howard S. Becker

-behavior is deviant if it is labeled as such


-a deviant person is one who has been successfully labeled as such

Dramatization of evil

-process of making the criminal is defining, segregating, identifying, (etc.) a trait


-result: becomes a way of stimulating, evoking, emphasizing, (etc.) the trait complained of


-ex: "Bob drinks" --> drinking problem

Primary deviance

-1st offense


-behavior is bad, but individual isn't


-before individual is labeled as an offender

Secondary deviance

-deviant behavior is adapted to become a means of defense against the societal reaction to the primary deviance


-the individuals response to the societal response

Consensus model

-assumes that members of society agree on what is right and wrong


-law is the codification of these social values


-law is the mechanism to settle disputes when individuals stray to far form what is considered acceptable

Conflict model

-assumes that laws don't exist for for the common good


-laws represent the interests of powerful groups


-law's origins are in the interests of the few --> these few shape the values --> values shape the laws

George Vold

-1st to relate conflict theory and criminology


-society is in a constant state of conflict

Conservative conflict perspective

-primary focus is power and the use of it


-society consists diverse interest groups


-ex: republicans and democrats

Radical conflict perspective

-Karl Marx/Marxist criminology


-society is characterized by class struggles


-society is dominated by a unified capitalist ruling class


-law enforcement serves the interest of the upper class

2 approaches of research on conflict theories

1. studies examining laws that are created in the interests of those in power


2. studies examining the different processing of certain individuals in the criminal justice system

Explanations for crime

1. Radical feminist theory


2. Left realism = political/socioeconomic deprivation


3. Abolitionist and anarchist criminology


4. Peace-making criminology


5. Restorative Justice