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197 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Learning theory suggest that crime is an innate characteristic of certain individuals.
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False
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According to Glasner, the frequency of intensity of association determines behavior.
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False
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Pushes toward crime include all the perceived rewards that may be offered by crime.
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False
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People who cannot exercise much control over others suffer from a control ratio.
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False
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According to labeling theory, deviance is a quality of the act committed by the offender.
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False
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Re-integrative shaming strengthens the moral bond between the offender and the community.
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True
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The process of aggravation describes a slowing down in the frequency of offending.
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False
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According to Moffit, adolescent-limited offenders display constant patterns of misbehavior throughout life.
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False
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Wolfgang’s cohort study of boys in Philadelphia found that a small number of violent offenders were responsible for most of the crimes committed by the cohort.
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True
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According to the preliminary results of the Causes and Correlates Program, physical abuse or neglect early in life increase the risk of violent offending.
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True
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Differential association theory was developed by
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Edwin Sutherland
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According to differential association, how does learning criminal behavior differ from learning other types of behavior?
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there is no difference between learning criminal and noncriminal behavior
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According to __________ theory, individuals have various social controls which help them resist pressures that draw them into crime and delinquency.
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Containment
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Social bond theory was popularized by
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Travis Hirschi
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The aspect of the social bond which sets social bond theory apart from sub-cultural approaches?
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Belief
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According to Edwin Lemert, ___________ is the initial deviant act which results in being caught and labeled as deviant.
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Primary deviance
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One of the basic beliefs of labeling theorists is that
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No act is inherently criminal
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According to Becker’s typology of delinquents, a person who commits a crime and is caught and punished for that crime is a(n) __________ deviant.
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Pure
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Listing the names of drunk drivers on billboard posted on I-95 is an example of __________ shaming.
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Stigmatic
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Which of the following is not one of the four dimensions of a criminal career?
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Intensity
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Which of the following is not one of the three sets of dynamic concepts important to the life course perspective?
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Duration
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According to Moffit, a __________ results when adolescents begin to desire autonomy but are prevented from achieving it because of preexisting social expectations.
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Maturity gap
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Which of the following disruptive and antisocial behaviors is likely to be the last to manifest itself in a juvenile?
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Association with deviant peers
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Targeted interventions based on PHDCN are intended to
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Lower rates of offending
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The consensus perspective assumes that the law is just in its application.
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True
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The conflict perspective sees laws as a tool of the disenfranchised.
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False
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George Vold saw crime as a manifestation of denied needs and values.
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True
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Currently, radical criminologists emphasize calls for revolutionary change.
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False
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Walter DeKeseredy has been credited with popularizing left realism in Europe.
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False
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6. Feminism is strictly sexual orientation.
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b. False
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7. In the paternalistic model of family structure, boys are less closely controlled than girls, giving them more freedom to deviate from social norms.
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a. True
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8. Anarchic criminology suggests that individuals both shape and are shaped by their world.
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b. False
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9. Peacemaking criminology attempts to eliminate crime by ending suffering.
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a. True
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10. Participatory justice is a modern social movement meant to reform the criminal justice system.
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b. False
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11. The __________ perspective is characterized by the idea that there are core values and morals on which most members of society agree.
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a. Consensus
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12. Which of the following is not one of the six key elements of the conflict perspective?
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c. The law serves all people equally
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13. Which of the following is not one of the six key elements of the conflict perspective?
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b. The legal system represents the best interests of society.
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14. According to Karl Marx, the __________ are the wealthy owners of the means of production.
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b. Bourgeoisie
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15. Within the discipline of criminology, __________ helped to create the field of radical criminology through his 1958 book Theoretical Criminology.
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b. George Vold
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16. Austin Turk and many other conflict criminologists see crime as
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d. a natural consequence of intergroup struggles over control
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17. Which of the following is not one of Richard Quinney’s six Marxixt propositions for and understanding of crime?
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d. the criminal justice system is an organization designed to maintain order throughout society.
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18. In The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison, _________ suggests that the criminal justice system is biased against the poor.
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c. Jeffrey Reiman
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19. Which of the following is not a midrange strategy proposed by radical-critical criminologists to bring about a justice system closer to the radical ideal?
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d. Promotion of mandatory sentencing
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20. __________ is a major source of left-realist writings in England.
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a. Jock Young
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21. __________ feminism sees men as controlling women through sexuality and sees society as patriarchal.
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Radical
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22. __________ theories challenge existing criminological perspectives to debunk them and work to replace them with approaches more relevant to the postmodern era.
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d. Deconstructionist
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23. Which of the following criminologists has shifted orientation several times and is currently considered to be a peacemaking criminologist?
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b. Richard Quinney
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24. Which of the following is not one of the three principles on which the restorative justice movement is based?
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c. Crime can be ended only when suffering is ended and there is social justice.
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1. Most homicides do not fall under federal jurisdiction.
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a. True
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2. Victim precipitation blames the victim for the criminal event.
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a. False
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3. Most serial killers want to be apprehended.
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False
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4. Female Serial killers generally have longer careers than male serial killers.
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a. True
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5. Most rapes are reported to the police.
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False
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6. In female prisons, rape involves primarily inmates only.
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False
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7. According to Scully, deniers are the largest category of rapists.
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False
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8. Men and women use similar techniques when carrying out street robberies.
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False
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9. The majority of assaults involve victims and offenders known to each other.
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a. True
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10. Mean are more likely than women to be stalked by strangers.
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a. True
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11. The primary theoretical perspective used to explain the fact that victims and offenders who are intimately known to each other are disproportionately represented in homicide statistics is
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b. The subculture of violence thesis
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12. A __________ offense refers to the incident that begins the homicide.
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sibling
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13. The theory of selective disinhibition was developed by
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b. Robert Nash Parker
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14. A serial killer is most typically a
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c. white male
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15. According to typology of serial killers developed by Fox and Levin, __________ serial murders include those who hear voices commanding them to kill.
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b. mission - oriented
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16. A __________ is a short-term acute trigger for a mass murder.
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precipitant
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17. Same sex rape is most common
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c. in correctional institutions
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18. Hazelwood and Burgess’s typology of rapists is based on
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b. The offender’s motivation
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19. According to Dennis Stevens, __________ rapists select victims based on the most available target.
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lust
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20. The transit workers with the greatest risk of robbery are
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b. taxi drivers
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21. Violence is more common in stalking involving
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c. intimate partners
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22. An act of terrorism is distinguished from a violent criminal act by
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c. the motivation of the offender
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23. Homicides that involve victims and offenders who have no prior relationships are classified as
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c. non-primary homicides
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24. Which of the following is not a characteristic of gang homocides?
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d. They are more likely to involve victims and offenders who have a prior relationship.
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25. Which of the following statements about the common law definition of rape is true?
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c. The common law recognized only female victims
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1. Larceny and burglary are legally the same crime.
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b. False
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2. Campus size affects the frequency of thefts on campus.
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a. True
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3. The likelihood of motor vehicle theft victimization varies with household income.
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False
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4. Employee theft costs retailers more than shoplifting.
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a. True
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5. Richard Moore’s typology of shoplifters applies to all shoplifters, including both those who have been apprehended and convicted and those who have never been apprehended.
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False
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6. The risk of personal theft is higher for men than for women.
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False
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7. Residential burglars frequently select residents of relatives as targets.
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False
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8. The crime of robbery is better suited than burglary to the needs of crack users.
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a. True
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9. Arson for profit is the most common motive for arson.
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False
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10. Because of the short-term and sporadic nature of their offending, most property offenders are considered
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b. occasional offenders
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11. According to research on theft on college campuses, the person most likely to be victimized?
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a. a staff member
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12. When considering theft from motor vehicles, the most frequently stolen items are
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d. external vehicle parts
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13. Employee theft occurs most commonly in a
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c. Retail establishment
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14. The most common reason why adolescents desist from shoplifting appears to be
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b. boredom
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15. The __________ shoplifter is the most common type, according to Richard Moore’s typology.
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a. Amateur
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16. The infirm category of McShane and Noonan’s typology of shoplifters was most likely to contain which of the following persons?
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d. an elderly female
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17. Burglary rates are highest in the
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c. Midwest
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18. According to Mike Maguire’s typology of burglars, __________ burglars are most likely to earn a significant living from the proceeds of their crimes.
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a. high-level
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20. During the 1980’s robbery began to __________ and burglary began to __________.
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b. increase; decrease
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21. Among the business fences use as a front for their criminal activity, a __________ is perceived as a quasi-legitimate or marginal.
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c. pawnshop
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22. Juveniles are more likely to be involved in arson in
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a. cities
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23. __________ is defined as “ the unlawful taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property.
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a. larceny
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24. The primary motivation for the crime of joyriding is
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fun
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25. The offense where the highest percentage of victims report missing time from work as a result of the crime is
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c. motor- vehicle theft
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1. According to Sutherland, most corporations are recidivists or even habitual offenders.
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True
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2. One reason why it is difficult to prosecute offenders who run “phantom banks” is that victims are often unwilling to press charges.
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True
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3. Whaling in violation of international conventions is a form of environmental crime.
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True
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4. During World War II, members of the Mafia were vehemently antifascist.
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True
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5. Prior to Prohibition, Mafia operations in the U.S. cities were “small time.”
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True
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6. The Kefauver Committee concluded that the leadership of Mafia rests in a single person.
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False
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7. Criminal syndicates have become involved in legitimate gambling by purchasing casinos in Las Vegas.
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True
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8. The code of omerta differs significantly from the values found among career criminals and prisoners.
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False
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9. Sicilian-American criminal groups no longer have connections in Italy.
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False
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10. The BCCI is a federal statute that regulates money laundering.
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False
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11. The fraud du jour appears to be
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b. wireless cable investments
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12. Which of the following statements about white collar criminals is false?
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a. White-collar criminals are less likely to be arrested and prosecuted than other types of offenders.
b. Convicted white-collar criminals are less likely to be sent to prison. ***C. Many white-collar criminals are seen as having ill-intentions. d. Many white collar criminals are well respected in their communities. |
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13. Sutherland stated that white-collar criminality differs from lower class criminality in?
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a. the way the criminal law is implemented
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14. Which of the following is an example of environmental crime?
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c. the dumping of 11 million gallon9s of crude oil off the coast of Alaska by Exxon’s Valdez supertanker.
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15. Which of the following theories is not one of those that must be included in an integrated theory of organized crime, according to Braithwaite?
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b. learning theory
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16. The Black Hand specialized in
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c. intimidation Italian immigrants
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17. The __________ Commission, appointed in 1929, emphasized the corruption influence of Prohibition on professional law enforcement in the United States.
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Wickersham
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18. Federal investigations have concluded that there are __________ crime families operating in the United States under the direction of a commission.
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24
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19. The largest organized crime family in New York today is the _________ family.
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c. Mineo/Gambino
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20. __________ organized criminal groups are responsible for the majority of cocaine entering the United States illegally.
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Latino
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21. The first federal legislation aimed specifically at curtailing organized crime activities was the __________ Act.
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Hobbs
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22. According to Howard Abadinsky, placing more police on the streets and freeing up others to investigate organized crime is an example of which of the following approaches to controlling organized crime.
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a. increasing the risk of involvement in organized crime
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23. The concept of “upperworld crime” was developed by
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c. Gilbert Geis
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24. According to James Coleman, the __________ area of white-collar crime reform involves increasing punishment for white-collar offenders.
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enforcement
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25. In 1951, the Senate – sponsored __________ Committee reported the existence of a nationwide crime syndicate operating in many large American cities.
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Kefauver
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1. The rate of current illicit drug use is higher among women than among men.
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False
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2. The rate of current illicit drug use in the United States is declining.
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True
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3. Ecstasy use is increasing among juveniles.
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True
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4. Crack cocaine is less expensive than powdered cocaine.
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True
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5. Most hallucinogens are not physically addictive.
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True
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6. A drug-defined crime is a violation of law prohibiting or regulating the possession or use of illegal drugs.
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True
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7. Persons with criminal records are no more likely than those without criminal records to report being drug users.
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False
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8. The Harrison Act effectively outlawed street use of cocaine, heroin, and opium.
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True
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9. People convicted of federal drug crimes are ineligible for federal student loans.
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True
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10. Research suggests that D.A.R.E. type interventions have had a significant impact on drug use.
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False
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11. The category of psychotherapeutics includes all but which of the following types of drugs?
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inhalants
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12. The rate of illicit drug use in 1999 was highest in
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a. large metropolitan areas
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13. Drug availability in schools varies significantly by
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c. the type of school (junior high vs. high school)
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14. According to Monitoring the Future study, which of the following statements about eighth graders is true?
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d. inhalant use is more prevalent among eighth graders than among students in the other grades studied
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15. __________ is not a stimulant.
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heroin
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16. Prolonged use of narcotics may result in
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d. all the above
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17. __________ are sometimes known as “gateway drugs” because they often initiate young people into illicit drug use.
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inhalants
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18. __________ involves, among other things, distribution, importation, and exportation of a controlled substance.
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d. drug trafficking
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19. Which of the following is a drug-related crime?
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c. snatching a purse to obtain money to purchase drugs
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20. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, __________ is one of the drugs most commonly abused by jail inmates.
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cocaine
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21. The sale of heroin to anyone under age 18 was made a capital offense by the __________ Act.
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c. Narcotic Control
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22. Which of the following was not a provision of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act?
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c. authorized the forfeiture and seizure of chemicals used in the manufacture of methamphetamine
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23. The __________ of controlled substances results in the elimination of laws which prohibit the production, sale, distribution, and possession of drugs.
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legalization
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24. Legitimate uses of __________ include weight gain and the treatment of arthritis.
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c. anabolic steroids
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25. Which of the following countries is not located in the Golden Triangle area?
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Turkey
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1. Technology can be used by both criminals and law enforcement officials.
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True
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2. Internet piracy involves making unauthorized copies of copyright software available electronically.
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True
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3. Viruses infect only desktop and laptop computers.
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False
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4. Cyberspace is the place where computers and people interact.
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True
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5. Not all high-tech crimes are committed using computer technology.
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True
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6. Although the general public views white –collar crime as less serious than violent crime, computer crime is generally seen as an extremely serious problem
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False
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7. Only about half of all states currently have laws requiring convicted offenders to provide samples for DNA data basing
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False
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8. An audit trail is recorded in computer memory.
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True
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9. Computer-crime units in police departments are usually understaffed.
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True
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10. According to the U.S Constitution, electronic communications qualify for protection under the First Amendment.
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False
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11. __________ is defined as any violation of a federal or state computer statute.
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a. computer crime
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12. Software piracy falls with in which of David Carter’s categories of computer crime.
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d. crimes associated with the prevalence of computers
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13. Embezzlement is an example of the __________ category of computer crime.
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c. computer manipulation crimes
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14. The __________ Act made it illegal to use interstate telephone lines in furtherance of telemarketing fraud.
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c. Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement
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15. The __________ Act increased the amount of damages that could be awarded in cases of copyright infringement.
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c. Digital Theft Deterrence and Copyright Damages Improvement
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16. __________ is defined as any illegal act for which knowledge of computer technology is involved for its investigation, perpetration, or prosecution.
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b. computer related crime
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17. __________ are hackers who are fascinated by the evolving technology of telecommunications and explore it without knowing what they will find.
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Pioneers
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18. While in the Senate, Al Gore conceived of and authored the __________ Act.
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d. High Performance Computing
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19. The __________ is a fine net that is designed to wrap itself around a target when fired.
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c. Spiderman snare
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20. Which of the following is not one of the factors that may be used to determine whether any form of scientific evidence is reliable, according to the Daubert Court?
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b. whether it has been used in prior cases
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21. __________ involves a complete and thorough assessment of the kinds of perils facing an organization.
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a. Threat analysis
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22. __________ is a network diagnostic tool that can assist in criminal investigations by monitoring and capturing large amounts of Internet traffic.
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Carnivore
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23. According to Kenneth Rosenblatt, __________ would be most effective in deterring high-tech offenders.
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c. restricting the offender’s freedom to accept jobs which involve computers
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24. __________ refers to methods used to encode computerized information.
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c. Data Encryption
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25. The mission of the __________ is to serve as the federal government’s center for threat assessment, warnings, investigation, and response for threats or attacks against the country’s critical infrastructures.
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b. National Infrastructure Protection Center
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1. Hoover created the Wickersham Commission to fulfill a campaign promise.
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a. True
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2. The President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice was established by President Nixon.
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a. False
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3. The Anti-Drug Act of 1986 enacted new federal mandatory minimum sentences for drug offenses.
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a. True
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4. Statistics support the view that the ready availability of guns in the United States was a significant factor contributing to the crime problem.
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a. True
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5. Some funding from the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act will go to federal enforcement agencies.
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a. True
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6. While governor of Texas, President George W. Bush signed fewer death warrants than any other governor in recent history.
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False
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7. The British Criminal Justice and Police Bill removed a suspect’s right to silence.
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a. True
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8. All 50 states have passed legislation providing for monetary payments to crime victims.
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a. True
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9. Early victim assistance programs began as movements designed to counsel victims of rape.
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a. True
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10. Restitution places responsibility for making the victim whole back on the offender who caused the initial loss of wholeness.
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a. True
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11. The final stage in developing public policy is
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a. program evaluation
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12. During the 1930s the __________ was created to study crime and the criminal justice system in the United States.
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b. Wickersham Commission
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13. The report mad by the President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice led to passage of the __________ Act.
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c. omnibus crime bill and safe streets
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14. The National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals emphasized
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a. improved police-community relations
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15. By the end of the Reagan/Bush administratios, the war on drugs had resulted in
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c. an increase in the problem of prison overcrowding
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16. Under the law signed b President Clinton, an offender who discharges a firearm during the commission of a federal crime receives a mandatory minimum sentence of at least __________
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10 years
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17. The group most victimized by handgun crime is that of
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a. young black males
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18. Which of the following would be an example of the gun control intervention strategy of changing gun allocation?
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c. lengthening the waiting period for gun purchases
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19. The safe schools/healthy students Initiative was created by the __________ Administration.
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Clinton
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20. Which of the following is an example of protection/avoidance strategy?
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b. Starting up a neighborhood watch program.
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21. Which of the following is an example of deterrence strategy?
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c. Speeding up trial court processing and sentence imposition
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22. According to many criminologist, a comprehensive crime control strategy would involve primarily
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d. a balanced mix of all three strategies
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23. __________ programs involve the government repaying victims for their financial losses or physical injuries.
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a. Victim compensation
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24. According to __________ theory, compensation is due victims because the social contract between the victim and society has been broken by the experience of victimization.
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d. strict liability
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25. __________ describe(s) the consequences of a crime from the perspective of the victim or the victim’s survivors.
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a. Victim-impact statements
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