Criminal Justice 200 Chapter 2

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Uniform Crime Reporting Program (UCR)

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Statistical reporting program run by the FBI's Criminal Justice Information Service (CJIS) division. Publishes "Crime in the United States", which provides an annual summation of the incidence and rate of reported crimes throughout the United States.

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National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

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An annual survey of selected American households conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics to determine the extent of criminal victimization (especially unreported victimization) in the United States.

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PERF (Police Executive Research Forum)

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Washington-based organization that sends polls to police departments across the country to gather crime data.

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Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics

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Annual compilation of national information on crime and on the criminal justice system.

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Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS)

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U.S. Department of Justice agency responsible for the collection of criminal justice data, including the National Crime Victimization Survey.

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Crime Index

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Now defunct but once inclusive measure of the UCR Program's violent and property crime categories, or what are called Part I Offenses, which included murder, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft. Discontinued in 2004.

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National Incident-Based Reporting System

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Incident-based reporting system that collects detailed data on every single crime occurrence. Currently replacing data that had been reported by the UCR Program.

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Violent Crimes

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UCR/NIBRS summary offense category that includes murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault.

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Property Crimes

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UCR/NIBRS summary offense category that includes burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson.

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Clearance Rate

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A traditional measure of investigative effectiveness that compares the number of crimes reported or discovered to the number of crimes solved through arrest or other means (such as death of the suspect).

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Murder

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The unlawful killing of a human being. Generic term that includes first degree, second degree, manslaughter, involuntary manslaughter and other similar offenses.

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Clearances by Exceptional Means

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When the police know who the suspect is but they can't arrest them. EX: Leaving the country, dead, etc...

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First-Degree Murder

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Criminal homicide that is planned.

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Second-Degree Murder

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An intentional and unlawful killing that is generally unplanned and happens in "the heat of the moment."

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Part I Offenses

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UCR/NIBRS offense group used to report murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson.

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Spree Murder

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Killings at two or more locations with almost no time break between murders.

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Mass Murder

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The killing of four or more victims at one location within one event.

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Serial Murder

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Involves the killing of several victims in three or more separate events.

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Unborn Victims of Violence Act

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Made the attempt to kill or kill fetuses in any stage while attacking a pregnant woman a separate federal crime.

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Rape

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Unlawful sexual intercourse achieved through force and without consent. Applies to same-sex rape, the rape of a male by a female.

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Sexual Battery

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What some jurisdictions refer to same-sex rape.

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Forcible Rape

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The carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will without legal or factual consent.

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Date Rape

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Unlawful forced sexual intercourse with a female against her will that occurs within the contest of a dating relationship. Also called acquaintance rape.

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Power-Thesis

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Theorizes that rape is planned and is more about asserting power over the victim rather than the sexual gratification of the perpetrator.

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Robbery

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The unlawful taking or attempted taking of property that is in the immediate possession of another by force or violence and or by putting the victim in fear.

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Highway Robbery

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Any form of robbery that occurs outdoors in a public place.

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Assault

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An unlawful attack by one person upon another. Attempted and completed are both defined as assault.

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Aggravated Assault

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The unlawful, intentional inflicting, or attempted or threatened inflicting of serious injury upon the person of another.

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Burglary

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The unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or a theft (excluding tents, trailers, and other mobile units used for recreational purposes).

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Larceny-Theft

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The unlawful taking or attempted taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession or constructive possession of another (excluding motor vehicles).

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Motor Vehicle Theft

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The theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle (self propelled vehicle that runs on land but not rails).

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Arson

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Any willful or malicious burning or attempt to burn, with or without intent to defraud, a dwelling house, public building, motor vehicle or aircraft, personal propert and so on.

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Identity Theft

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A crime in which an imposter obtains key pieces of information, such as Social Security and driver's licenses numbers, to obtain credit merchandise, and services in the name of the victim.

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Part II Offenses

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Offense group used to report arrests for less serious offenses, with the exception of simple assault.

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Dark Figyre of Crime

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Crime that is not reported to the police and that remains unknown to officials.

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Crime Typology

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A classification of crimes along a particular dimension, such as legal categories, offender motivation, victim behavior, or the characteristics of individual offenders.

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Stalking

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Repeated harassing and threatining behavior by one individual against another, aspects of which may be planned or carried out in secret.

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Cyberstalking

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The use of the Internet, e-mail, and other electronic communication to stalk someone.

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Hate Crime

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A criminal offense comitted against a person, property, or society that is motivated, in whole or in part, by the offender's bias against race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity/national origin.

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Perjury

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The willful giving of false testimony under oath or affirmation, before a competent tribunal, upon a point material to a legal inquiry.

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Corporate Crime

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A violation of criminal statute by a corporate entity or by its executives, employees, or agents acting on behalf or for the benefit of the corporation.

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White-Collar Crime

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Violations of criminal law committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his or her occupation.

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Organized Crime

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The unlawful activities of the members of a highly organized, disciplined association engaged in supplying illegal goods or services, including gambling, prostitution, loan-sharking, narcotics, and labor racketeering, and in other unlawful activities.

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Transnational Organized Crime

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Unlawful activity undertaken and supported by organized criminal groups operating across national boundries.

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Cybercrime

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Any crime perpetrated through the use of conputer technology.