Crime

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Marx criminoligist define crime as

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violations of historical deturmined rights of individual

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appropriate behavior of explicit social explination

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norms

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measure designed to find future conforminity

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sanctions

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will or consincious desire commit act that violates crime law

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criminal intent

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early 1982 attitudes to juvenile are

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harsh

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criminal law intertwined with political is

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conflict theyry

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most likely to argue that criminoligist should be commited to power of wealth

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conflict theory

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values and norms reflected in their society that is shared by all

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consensus perspective

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defense hat allows a person to act in a particular way

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justification- ex. self defense

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research method that produces useful understanding?

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how indivuduals learn how to commit crime

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defense- sell stolen property

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stealing a bike becasue someone forced you to do it- justifications. defense of necessity

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research that relies on police stats

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patterns of crime- deturmined who commits, who is victimized, what are the major dimensions of the criminal act

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school of criminology on free will

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classical school

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classical school

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beccaria- thought people were motivated by pain and pleasure, that tey excerised free will, and rationality and responsibility characterized human action. claimed that punishment should be based on the harm that the criminal act did to socitty, rather than the harm incurred by the victim.

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assumption of free will

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criminal responsible for own crime.

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classical school

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punnishment should be based on criminal background- what crime does to society

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human behavior subject to causal law

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positivists claim that human behavior is subject to causal laws

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FBI Index crimes part 1

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murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, forcable rape, robbery, aggravated assualt, burglary-breaking or entering, larceny-theaft, motor vehicle theft, arson

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reasons people don't report crime

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are attempeted rather than completed, involve little or no financial loss of physical injury, do not threaten their sense of personal security, do not seem serious to them, do not involve a fire arm

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direct loss of property

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arson

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def of robbery

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taking or attempting to take anything of value from another person by force or threat

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def of forcible rap

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carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will, including attempts

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fear of crime is primarly the fear of

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strangers

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def of carjacking

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used firearms or caused minor accidents to get drivers to strop

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def of fraud

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fraudulent conversion and obtainint money or property by false pretenses

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def of larcany

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unlawful taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession of another, exlluding motor vehicle, embezzlement, con games and forgery

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as a nation developes economically, crime increases fastest is

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property

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concentric zone theory

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model of the urban community, industry develops near the center of the city in order to be at the crossroads of transportation and community. crime rates usually highest in areas that are low income, dilapidated and overcrowed housing, transiency, unimployment, broken familiey, and minority groups

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physiognomists

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studies facial features- ears of the skull

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phrenologists

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relationship between the external shape of the skull

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hooton

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criminals were the products of environmental influences on organically inferior people.

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somatotypes

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body thpes- this theory focuses on differences among individuals in embryonic development and claims that people with different body types have different temperaments that affect their propensity to engatge in crime and deliquent behaviro.- slow soft, mesomorphs- muscular and agressive

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billogical research on crime

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individuals with certain stregths and weaknesses and theat individual with certain "vulnerabilities" or "risk factors" have a greater probability of responding to stressful envoronmenta conditions with antisocial behavior.

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twin studies- concordance rate

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criminal behavior between twins found that identical twins were between 60-70 percent in these studies and fraternal twons only 15-30 percent.

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sex differences

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differ from one society to another. sex differences in crime rates is due to social and cultural factors, but the fact that men commit more crime that women in all societies suggests that some of the difference would be teh result of biological differences between teh xexex. over many genreations that male has been the surviror of the fittest. crime committed more likely to occur in women 4 days prior and 4 days during period

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psychological explanations of crime

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criminal is someow psychologically abnormal developed early in the 20 centure. the logic of this position is that because only certain people commit crmies, some individual trait must distinguish them from those who do not break the law.

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structuralist interpretation of evidence

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links iq and delinquency is that this association exists only because of specific responses by institutions such as the school to low levels of intelligentce, low iq score, poor academic performance

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.`"thought patterns"

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that exist amoung all offenders, whether black from ghetto or rich white.

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criminal personality

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chronic lying, a view that other people's property is their own, unrelenting optimins
great energy
fear of injury or being insulted
intense anger
manipulativeness
an inflexibliity high self-image

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exploitative rapists

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50 percent- rape is an impulsive and predatory act witht eh victim seen only as an object for sexual gratification. usually spur of the moment. date rape

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compensatory rape

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25 percent- obsessed with sexual fantisies and feel very inadequate. have fanticies their victim will enjoy rape and fall in love with them

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displaced anger rape

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20 percent- rape expresses their displaced anger and rage. victim represnets to them a hated woman in their life

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sadistic rap

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5 percent- sexual feelings are linked to agression for this type, more violent as they become aroused. cromes often premeditated and sometimes involve a compulsive fantasy

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brawner rule

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a person should be found not guilty of at the time of such conduct as a result of mental disease of mental defect, lacks substantial capacity either to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform his conduct to ther requirements of the law. ability to control that conduct.