Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
277 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Most common type of PG injury
|
Falls
|
|
|
ASTM F1487-11 covers _____.
|
Playground Equipment for Public Use -
5th percentile 2 year old to 95th percentile 12 year old Intended to minimize the likelihood of life-threatening or debilitating injuries. |
|
|
ASTM F2373 covers_____.
|
Public Use Play Equipment for Children
6 Months - 23 Months. |
|
|
ASTM F1292 covers _____.
|
Impact Attenuation of Surface Systems Under and Around PG Equipment.
Establishes critical fall height |
|
|
ASTM F2223 covers _____.
|
Standard Guide for ASTM Standards on PG Surfacing.
|
|
|
ASTM F2479 covers _____.
|
Standard Guide for Specification, Purchase, Installation and Maintenance of Pour-In-Place Surfacing.
|
|
|
A Public Playground is _____.
|
Equipment for use by children ages 6 months through 12 years in the PG areas of: commercial child care facilities, institutions, multi family dwellings, parks, restaurants, resorts, schools and other areas of public use.
|
|
|
CPSC Handbook does NOT cover _____.
|
Amusement park equipment, sports or fitness equipment normally intended for users over the age of 12, soft-contained play equipment, constant air inflatable devices for home use, art and museum sculptures, equipment at water play facilities or home playground equipment. Also equipment components intended SOLELY for children with disabilities and modified to accommodate such users are also not covered by these guidelines.
|
|
|
Childcare facilities - especially indoor should refer to ASTM _____ .
|
ASTM F2373 Standard for Public Use Play Equipment for Children 6 Months Through 23 Months.
|
|
|
The age range of a toddler is _____.
|
6 months - 23 months
|
|
|
A preschool-age child is age ___ to ___ years old.
|
2 -5 years
|
|
|
School-aged children are defined as ___ to ___ years old.
|
5 - 12
|
|
|
CPSC Guidelines address the hazards that relate to what six main areas or subjects.
|
1 - Falls from and impact with equipment
2 - Impact attenuating protective surfacing under and around equipment 3 - Openings with the potential for head entrapment 4 - Scale of equipment and other design features related to user age and layout of equipment 5 - Installation and maintenance procedures 6 - General hazards presented by protrusions, sharp edges, and crush or shear points. |
|
|
Composite Structure
|
Two or more play structures attached or functionally linked, to create one integral unit that provides more than one play activity,
|
|
|
Designated Play Surface
|
Any elevated surface for standing, walking, crawling, sitting or climbing, or a flat surface GREATER than 2"x2" having an angle LESS THAN 30 degrees from horizontal.
|
|
|
Fall Height
|
Vertical distance between the highest designated play surface on a piece of equipment and the protective surfacing beneath it.
|
|
|
Guardrail
|
An enclosing device around an elevated platform intended to prevent inadvertent falls from the platform.
Needed when platform is: >20" for 2-5 >30" for 5-12 20"-30" for ages 2-5 30"-48" for ages 5-12 Exceptions: Climbers, Balance Beams, Stepping Pods |
|
|
Barrier
|
An enclosing device around an elevated platform intended to prevent BOTH inadvertent and deliberate attempts to pass through the device. Prevent access and egress.
Discourages climbing. Needed when platform is: >18" for toddlers (6 mos - 23 mos) >30" for ages 2-5 >48" for ages 5-12 Exceptions: Climbers, Balance Beams, Stepping Pods |
|
|
Critical Height
|
The fall height BELOW which a life-threatening head injury would NOT be expected to occur
Addressed in ASTM F1292 Max height in full feet for a surfacing system that, when tested in accordance with ASTM F1292, no value shalle xceed 200 g-max or 1,000 HIC |
|
|
Infill
|
Material(s) used in a protective barrier or between decks to prevent a user from passing through the barrier (vertical bars, lattice, solid panel, etc.)
|
|
|
Projection
|
Anything that extends outward from a surface of the PG equipment and must be tested to determine if it is a protrusion or entanglement or both.
Just because something is a projection does NOT mean it is a protrusion or entanglement. |
|
|
Protrusion
|
A projection which, when tested, is found to be a hazard having the potential to cause bodily harm to a user who impacts it.
|
|
|
When laying out a PG, you should consider the following six criteria:
|
1 - Accessibility (compliant with ASTM F1591)
2 - Age separation - - Distinct areas provided for different age groups. - Need buffer zone to minimize user conflict injuries
3 - Sight lines - Minimize visual barriers so parents can see children - Equipment visible from benches - 2-5 area visible from 5-12 area 4 - Conflicting activities - Separate physical activities from passive activities - Inside play area - sandboxes and swings - Outside play area - athletic fields and pavement games - If fencing is used, consider ASTM F2049 - moving equipment should be around edges of play area - slide exits should be in non-congested areas - adjacent components on composite structures should be complimentary 5 - Signage and/or labeling (age signs) 6 - Supervision (supervisors need to understand the basics of PG safety). |
|
|
Age Appropriate Equipment for TODDLER (6-23 months)
|
Climbing equipment < 32" high
Ramps Single file step ladders Slides - Platform at least 19" deep - Average incline no more than 24 degrees, no section greater than 30 degrees - Vertical height of the sides of the chute is no less than 4" when measured at right angles to a horizontal line that is 8" long - Slide exit between 7"-10" long of any portion is more than 24 degree slope - Slide exit height no more than 6" - Transition from sliding portion to exit region with a radius of curvature of at least 18" - Spiral slides <360 degrees Spring rockers Stairways Swings with full bucket seats |
|
|
Age Appropriate Equipment for PRESCHOOL (2-5 years)
|
- No FS Arch Climbers - No FS Flexible Climbers (ASTM OK) - No fulcrum see saws - No Vertical sliding poles - No Log Rolls - No track Rides - No spiral slides >360 deg.
Certain Climbers OK - Arch Climbers NOT sole means of access - Horizontal ladder maximum height 60" (4 and 5 year olds) - 4/5 year olds - Center to center spacing of rungs no more than 12" - 4/5 year olds - Max height of take off platform no more than 18" Merry-go-rounds Ramps Rung ladders Single file step ladders Slides - Platform at least 14" deep - Average incline no more than 30 degrees, no section greater than 50 degrees - Vertical height of the sides of the chute is no less than 4" when measured at right angles to a horizontal line that is 12" long - Slide exit region at least 11" long - Slide exit no more than 11" above surfacing if slide is no greater than 48" high - Slide exit at least 7" but no more than 15" above surfacing if slide is over 48" high. - Spiral slides <360 degrees - Spring rockers Stairways Swings - belt, full bucket seats (2-4 years) and rotating tire |
|
|
Age Appropriate Equipment for GRADE SCHOOL (5-12 years)
|
Arch Climbers
Chain or Cable Walks FS Climbing events with flexible parts Fulcrum see-saws Ladders - horizontal, rung and step Overhead rings (max height 84" from center of grasping device to SS). IF suspended by chains, chains no more than 7" Max height of takeoff/landing platform is 36" Merry-go-rounds Ramps Ring treks Slides - Platform at least 14" deep - Average incline no more than 30 degrees, no section greater than 50 degrees - Vertical height of the sides of the chute is no less than 4" when measured at right angles to a horizontal line that is 18" long - Slide exit region at least 11" long - Slide exit no more than 11" above surfacing if slide is no greater than 48" high - Slide exit at least 7" but no more than 15" above surfacing if slide is over 48" high. Stairways Swings (belt and rotating tire) Track Rides Vertical Sliding Poles |
|
|
Equipment NOT recommended for any age group on public PG's
|
Animal Swings Trapeze Bars Swinging Gates and Doors Giant Strides Climbing ropes that are not secured at both ends Heavy Metal Swings (animal figures) - impact injury Multiple Occupancy Swings (with the exception of tire swings) - greater mass - greater risk of impact injury Rope Swings - strangulation hazard Swinging dual exercise rings and trapeze bars (on long chains) - considered exercise equipment |
|
|
Protective surfacing is NOT required for the following equipment:
|
Equipment that requires a child to be standing or sitting at ground level.
Sand Boxes Activity walls at ground level Play houses Any other equipment that children use when their feet remain in contact with the ground surface. |
|
|
Two types of surfacing material:
|
UNITARY
- Generally rubber mats or tiles LOOSE FILL - Pea Gravel, Sand, Shredded rubber mulch, Wood mulch (not CCA treated), Wood Chips, Engineered Wood Fiber - Loose fill surfacing materials will compress at least 25% over time. If 9" of surfacing is needed, the initial fill level should be 12" |
|
|
Fall height for Loose Fill Surfacing
|
6" Shredded/recycled rubber - 10' (does not compress in the same manner as the others) 9" Wood chips - 10' 9" Wood mulch (non CCA) - 7' 9" Pea Gravel - 5' 9" Sand - 4' |
|
|
PG HAZARDS
|
Crush and Shearing Points
Entanglement and Impalement Entrapment Sharp Points, Corners and Edges Suspended Hazards Tripping Hazards Used Tires |
|
|
Platforms
|
Generally flat (within 2 degrees of horizontal)
Openings for drainage Minimize collection of debris No more than 32" above ground for toddlers (6mos - 23mos) |
|
|
Maximum difference between stepped platforms UNLESS there is an alternate means of access/egress
|
TODDLERS - 7"
If space is LESS than 7", infill must be used to reduce space to less than 3" PRESCHOOL - 12" - Greater than 12" requires access component (rung) - If space is GREATER than 9" AND the height of the lower platform above the surfacing EXCEEDS 30", infill should be used to reduce the space to LESS than 3.5" SCHOOL-AGE - 18" - Greater than 18" requires access component (rung) - If space is GREATER than 9" AND the height of the lower platform above the surfacing EXCEEDS 48", infill should be used to reduce the space to LESS than 3.5" |
|
|
Guardrails and Barriers
|
Completely surround any elevated platform
EXCEPT for entry/exit, the maximum clearance opening without a top horizontal guardrail should be 15" Prevent unintentional falls from platform Prevent possibility of entrapment Facilitate supervision Toddlers should have barriers on all elevated walking surfaces at or above 18" |
|
|
Protects against ACCIDENTAL falls from platform
|
Guardrail - YES
Barrier - YES |
|
|
Discourages climbing over
|
Guardrail - NO
Barrier - YES |
|
|
Protects against climbing through
|
Guardrail - NO
Barrier - YES |
|
|
Guardrail / Barrier recommendations for TODDLERS (6 mos - 23 mos)
|
Guardrails - NOT RECOMMENDED
Barriers - At least 24" to top of barrier - Less than 3" to bottom of barrier - Used for 18" or higher |
|
|
Guardrail / Barrier recommendations for PRE-SCHOOL (2-5 years)
|
Guardrails
- At least 29" to top of guardrail - Greater than 9" or less than or equal to 23" between platform and bottom edge of guardrail - Needed when fall height is greater than 20" up to 30" Barriers - At least 29" to top of barrier - Less than 3.5" between platform and bottom edge of barrier - Needed when fall height is greater than 30" |
|
|
Guardrail / Barrier recommendations for SCHOOL AGE (5-12 years)
|
Guardrails
- At least 38" to top of guardrail - Greater than 9" or less than or equal to 28" between platform and bottom edge of guardrail - Needed when fall height is greater than 30" up to 48" Barriers - At least 38" to top of barrier - Less than 3.5" between platform and bottom edge of barrier - Needed when fall height is greater than 48" |
|
|
Top surface of guardrails should be at what height above platform?
Lower edge at what height? |
Top surface 29" or greater for 2-5
Top surface 38" or greater for 5-12 Lower edge no more than 23" for 2-5 Lower edge no more than 28" for 5-12 |
|
|
On stairways, all steps greater than _____" above the surfacing require BARRIERS
|
48"
|
|
|
Maximum clear opening without a top horizontal guardrail shall be _____".
|
15"
|
|
|
Protective BARRIERS are required on elevated surfaces greater than _____ above the protective surfacing.
|
30" for 2-5
48" for 5-12 |
|
|
Top surface of protective BARRIERS should be _____" above the elevated platform.
|
29" or greater for 2-5
38" or greater for 5-12 |
|
|
Adjacent platforms between which access is intended must have an access component (hand rung) when height difference is greater than _____.
|
12" for 2-5
18" for 5-12 |
|
|
Height of balance beam may be no more than _____".
|
12" for 2-5
16" for 5-12 |
|
|
Rigid rungs for hand support (climbers):
|
Round shape is easiest to grab AGES 6-24 months - 0.60" - 1.20" diameter (0.90 is preferred to achieve maximum grip strength) |
|
|
Fall height of climbers used for access/egress from or to composite play structures shall be the distance between_________________________.
|
Distance between the highest part of the climber INTENDED FOR FOOT SUPPORT and the protective surfacing.
|
|
|
Fall height of FS climbers shall be the distance between ______________________.
|
Distance between the highest part of the climbing component and the protective surfacing.
|
|
|
Dimensional Climbing Net Structure
|
-No clear opening between members with vertical dimension greater than 72" and a diameter than 20" for AGES 5-12 Minimum fall height for structures over 72" is 72" Exterior fall height is distance from surfacing to highest point where a rigid vertical device contacts the climbing net structure when moved around the perimeter. Interior fall height is the distance between surfacing and highest member where there is a clear vertical path with a diameter of 18" for 2-5 and 20" for 5-12
Fall height is the highest distance of either interior or exterior fall height. |
|
|
Center-to-center distance between rungs for upper body equipment with fixed handholds shall be no greater than _____".
|
Preschool (4-5 years) - no more than 12" |
|
|
Rigid surfaces of all hand grips for upper body equipment shall be between _____" and _____" and shall not rotate/twist about its own axis.
|
0.95" and 1.55"
|
|
|
Horizontal distance from leading edge of take-off/landing structure (or both) out to the first handhold of upper-body equipment shall be no greater than _____".
In addition, when the take-off/landing point is provided by rungs, the horizontal distance to the first handhold must be at least ____" but no greater than _____". |
No greater than 10" but not directly above the platform.
For rungs: At least 8" but no greater than 10". |
|
|
Maximum height of upper body devices is _____" from the center of the grasping device to the surfacing.
|
2-5 (4-5 CPSC) - 60" Wheelchair users - 54" above accessible surfacing |
|
|
Maximum height of take-off/landing structure for upper body equipment shall be no greater than _____".
|
18" for 2-5 (4-5 CPSC)
36" for 5-12 |
|
|
Fall height for upper body equipment is the distance from _____ to the protective surfacing.
|
Highest part of the equipment.
*Equipment support posts with no designated play surface are exempt. |
|
|
For movable hanging rings and hanging rungs, the distance between the uppermost pivot and bottom of the hand grip device shall be no more than _____".
|
15" (total length)...7" max for flexible component length).
|
|
|
Any flexible elements (chain, cable, s-hook) used to suspend the ring or rung shall have a total length no greater than _____".
Overall length must not exceed _____". |
7" flexible elements
15" overall |
|
|
Sliding Poles
|
Not recommended for toddlers or pre-school Access from one height only Should not change direction Continuous - no protruding welds or seams Located away from traffic from other events Sliding pole accessed from a platform shall rise 60" or greater above the surface of the platform No greater than 1.9" OD Fall height is 60" below highest section of pole. Guardrail or barrier at entrance/exit opening shall have opening with max horizontal distance of 15" |
|
|
Slide transition platform:
|
19" minimum depth for toddlers width must be equal to or greater than the width of the chute Must be horizontal Surrounded by guardrails or barriers Provide mean to transfer to sitting position at entrance of slide Provide hand holds to facilitate transition from standing to sitting |
|
|
Height/length ratio (average slope) of the sliding surface shall not exceed _____ with NO span of the surface having a slope greater than _____ degrees.
|
Toddlers: - Average incline no more than 24 degrees (0.445) - No section greater than 30 degrees - Average slope shall not exceed 30 degrees (0.577) - No section greater than 50 degrees. |
|
|
Slide chute must have an inside width of _____".
|
8-12" wide for toddlers 16" or greater for 5-12 |
|
|
Slides with flat, open chutes must have sidewalls with a height of _____".
|
4" minimum
|
|
|
Straight slides may have a chute with a circular, semi-circular or curved cross section IF the height of the sidewall is 4" or greater when measured at right angles above a horizontal line that is _____" long.
|
12" for 2-5
16" for 5-12 |
|
|
Internal diameter of tube slides must be _____" or greater,
|
23" or greater diameter
|
|
|
Slide exit region:
|
Exit of 7"-10" (6 mos-23 mos) if any portion exceeds a 24 degree slope Slope between 0 and -4 degrees (measured from a plane parallel to the underlying surface) Rounded or curved exits Toddler slide exit no more than 6" above the surface Slide = 48" -- Exit = 11" Slide > 48" -- Exit 7"-15" |
|
|
Slide elevation no greater than 48" has slide exit at _____" above surfacing.
|
No greater than 11"
|
|
|
Slides with an elevation of greater than 48", the exit height shall be _____".
|
Between 7" and 15"
|
|
|
Fall height of slides (definition):
|
Distance from the slide transition platform to the surfacing
|
|
|
Handrail height (dimensions for specific age groups):
|
Toddlers (6-24 mos) - 15"-20"
Preschool (2-5) - 22" - 26" School-aged (5-12) - 22"-38" |
|
|
Maximum fall height for freestanding and composite climbing structures for TODDLERS (6-24 mos.) is _____".
|
32" maximum height
|
|
|
Use zone for a stand-alone climber
|
Extend a minimum of 72" in ALL directions from the perimeter of the climber.
|
|
|
The use zone of a climber MAY overlap with neighboring equipment IF the other piece of equipment allows overlapping use zones AND
|
If play surfaces are less than or equal to than 30" high - minimum of 72" between equipment.
If play surfaces are more than 30" high, there must be at least 108" between equipment. |
|
|
Climbers may NOT have bars or other rigid structural components in the interior of the climber onto which a child may fall from a height greater than _____".
|
18"
|
|
|
Flexible climbers (ropes, chains, cable, tires)
|
Should be secured at both ends
Anchoring devices installed BELOW ground level and beneath the base of the surfacing Not recommended as sole means of access for toddlers and pre-school aged children FS flexible climbers are not recommended for toddlers and pre-school aged children. Perimeter of any opening of a net structure should be less than 17" or greater than 28". |
|
|
The distance between the adjacent rungs of overhead ladders should be ______"
|
Greater than 9" to prevent entrapment
|
|
|
Track Rides:
|
Not recommended for toddlers or pre-school aged children
No obstacles along the path (including take-off/landing areas) Two or more track rides may be PARALLEL if they are at least 4' apart Handle should be between 64"-78" from surfacing Rolling parts should be enclosed to prevent crush hazards. Fall height is maximum height of equipment (excluding support posts) to surfacing |
|
|
Log Rolls:
|
Not recommended for toddlers and pre-school aged children.
Should have hand holds Max height of log 18" Use zone MAY overlap if other equipment allows AND at least 72" between equipment when play surfaces are no more than 30" high Use zone MAY overlap if other equipment allows AND at least 108" between equipment when play surfaces are more than 30" high |
|
|
Merry-Go-Round (at least 20" in diameter)
|
Most common rotating equipment on PG
Preschool children should ALWAYS be supervised when using this equipment Not for toddlers Max height of standing/sitting surface: - 14" for pre-school - 18" for school age Continuous and approximately circular No openings between axis and the periphery that permit a 5/16" diameter rod to penetrate completely through the surface. Underside no less than 9" above surface No accessible crushing or shearing mechanisms, no sharp edges. No up and down (oscillatory) motion Nothing may extend beyond perimeter CPSC - Max speed - 13 ft./sec. Use zone may NOT overlap other use zones unless the MGR is less than 20" diameter and the adjacent equipment allows overlap Fall height is distance between perimeter of the platform where a child could stand or sit and the surfacing. |
|
|
Fulcrum Seesaw (Teeter Totter)
|
Not recommended for toddlers or pre-school children.
60" maximum seat height 25 degree maximum angle above horizontal Fulcrum should not present a crush hazard Car tires or other shock absorbing material should be embedded in the ground beneath the seats or secured underneath the seats. Maximum angle between a line connecting the seats and horizontal is 25 degrees NO footrests Handholds at each sitting position for both hands. Should not turn. Should not protrude beyond sides of seat. Use zone - minimum of 6' in all directions Use zone MAY overlap if other component allows AND 6' between equipment if height is no more than 30"...or 108" between equipment of other component allows and height is more than 30" Fall height - highest point any part of see saw can reach and surfacing. |
|
|
Spring Centered Seesaw
|
Centering device prevents contact with ground
Two children do not have to coordinate their actions to play safely Handholds at each sitting position for both hands. Should not turn. Should not protrude beyond sides of seat. Use zone - minimum of 6' in all directions Use zone MAY overlap if other component allows AND 6' between equipment if height is no more than 30"...or 108" between equipment of other component allows and height is more than 30" Fall height - highest point any part of see saw can reach and surfacing. |
|
|
Slide Use Zone for TODDLERS
|
In limited access environment:
- at least 3' around perimeter of slide - area t end should not overlap with use zone for any other equipment In public areas with unlimited access - stand alone slide - at least 6' around perimeter - Slides part of composite structure - minimum use zone between access components and side of slide is 3'. - Use zone at end of slide at least 6' and should not overlap with use zone for any other equipment. |
|
|
Slide Use Zone for Preschool and School-Age
|
Minimum 6' in front of the access and to the sides of a slide from the perimeter. Does NOT apply to embankment slides or slides part of a composite structure
Use zone at end of slide should never overlap use zone of anythign else...except slide use zones may overlap if slide paths are parallel Slides = 6' - use zone in front of slide >/= 6' Slides > 6' - use zone in front of slide should be at least as long as the slide is high - up to 8'. |
|
|
Spring Rockers
|
Seat Height -Toddlers - 12" - 16"- Preschoolers - 14" - 28" Each seat should have hand grips (3" max length) and foot rests (3-1/2" max length). Use zone - 72" on all sides from at rest position. Use zone MAY overlap with neighboring equipment if other equipment allows AND there is at least 72" between equipment with play surfaces no more than 30" high OR there is at least 108" between equipment when play surfaces are more than 30" high, AND the spring rocker is designed to be used from a seated position. Fall height is from seat or highest designated play surface (whichever is higher) to surface. Attachment points of coil springs are exempt from crush and shear |
|
|
Swings: general
|
Single Axis - to fro swing
Multi Axis - (tire) seat to swivel Hardware not removable without tools S-hooks no greater gap that .04" (dime) S-hooks do not extend past body Structures discourage climbing A-frame support structures may not have horizontal cross bars Located away from other equipment Fiber ropes not recommended Use Zone to front and rear of single axis swing should NOT overlap the use zone of anything else. Protrusions are extremely hazardous on swings. NOTHING may stick out more than 1/8" |
|
|
Swing clearance dimensions
|
ALL MEASUREMENTS ARE TAKEN AT 60" ABOVE FINISHED SURFACING
Distance from swing chain to frame Toddler - full bucket - 20" Preschool/school - belt - 30" Distance between seats Toddler - full bucket - 20" Preschool/school - belt - 24" Height of seat Toddler - full bucket - 24" Preschool/school - belt - 12" Distance between hangers All - 20" |
|
|
Belt Seats
|
For preschool and school-aged children
no more than two swings per bay Should not be attached to composite structures. No more than one user at any time Lightweight seats recommended Edges should be smoothly finished or rounded surfaces |
|
|
Full Bucket Seats
|
For toddlers (under 4 with supervision)
Suspended from structures that are separate from other swings, or at least in a separate bay Pivot points should be more than 47" but no more than 96" above the surfacing Should not allow child to enter/exit alone |
|
|
Use Zone for Single Axis Swings - Belt and Full Bucket
|
Use zone in front and behind is greater than to the sides (child may attempt to deliberately exit the swing while it is in motion)
Front/Back use zone should NEVER overlap any other use zone Side use zone is a minimum of 6' but may overlap other swing structure or other equipment Full bucket - Front and rear should be a minimum distance of 2 x the vertical distance from the pivot point to top of surfacing |
|
|
Use Zone for Multi Axis (tire) Swings
|
Should not be suspended from structure with other swings in same bay
Should not attach to composite structure avoid heavy tires drainage holes needed no accessible crush points Minimum clearance between seating surface and frame when tire is extended is 30" Minimum distance between bottom of the seat and the surface is at least 12" Use zone directly below pivot for minimum distance of 6' plus the length o f the suspending members. Use zone may NOT overlap any other use zone Use zone extends 6' past structure. THIS use zone may overlap other use zone of swing structure or other equipment |
|
|
Fall height and use zones for composite structures
|
Use zone should extend a minimum of 6' from the external perimeter of the structure.
Where slides are attached to a platform higher than 6', the use zone may need to extend further in front of the slide (no more than 8'). |
|
|
Fall height and use zone (GENERAL)
|
Fall height of equipment is distance between the highest designated playing surface and the protective surfacing
Use zone should extend a minimum of 6' in all directions from the perimeter of equipment. Use zones of two STATIONARY pieces of equipment may overlap IF both play surfaces are no more than 30" above the surfacing and the equipment is at least 72" apart. If height of either structure exceeds 30", they must be at least 108" apart. Use zones must be free of obstacles. |
|
|
Projection test gauges
|
SMALL (lacerations/punctures)
thickness of a child's skull at temple region 1.0" OD 0.5" ID 0.25" height Medium (penetrate eye socket) 2.0" OD 1.5" ID .75" height Large (Internal bruising or ruptured organs in abdominal area) 3.5" OD 3.0" ID 1.5" height Washer-like flat gauge (1/8" thick) is used to check for protrusions on suspended components like swings Start with smallest gauge. If any part extends beyond the face of any gauge, it's a protrusion hazard. A projection is not accessible and not a protrusion when it is recessed or located in such a manner that it will not allow any of the gauges to be placed over it. These do NOT test for entanglement |
|
|
Toddler Small Torso Probe
|
Based on dimensions of the smallest child at risk (5th percentile 6 month old) 4(?) on other side (taper starts 1" from end) 3" wide, 1.5" radius 3" deep |
|
|
Preschool and School Age Small Torso Probe
|
Test completely bounded openings Based on dimensions of the smallest child at risk (5th percentile 2 year old) 6.2" on one side 5.2" on other side (taper starts 1" from end) 3.5" wide, 1.2" radius 4" deep |
|
|
Large Head Probe
|
Test completely bounded openings Based on dimensions of the head of the largest child at risk (95th percentile 5 year old) 8" diameter on other (taper starts 1" from end) 4" deep |
|
|
Partially bounded opening
|
Discontinuous Head and neck entrapment danger User at risk: Pre-school (2-3) If opening is between 1.875" and 9" in width when measured perpendicular to each surface, the opening can be considered accessible. Opening is exempt if: -it is inverted. If the lowest interior boundary immediately adjacent to the opening is horizontal or slopes downward. - forms a "v" angle less than 55 deg. where the apex of the angle is formed by an inclined or vertical surface and a rope chain or cable are exempt if the rope, chain or cable are in contact with the inclined surface at or below the protective surfacing at the point of the formed v angle - simultaneous contact of the "A" portion of the template is less than 24" above the protective surfacing. - Flexible components where contact with sides of opening is less than 24" above the protective surfacing |
|
|
Test procedure for completely bounded opening with unlimited depth
|
Unlimited depth
-Use torso template -Identify all CBO's - Attempt to insert probe with plane of template parallel to plane of opening -Rotate to most adverse orientation - Does not fit - PASS -Fits - then go to head probe - Head probe also fits - PASS - Head probe does NOT fit - FAIL |
|
|
Test procedure for completely bounded opening with limited depth of penetration (ladder against wall). Must check between rungs and also against wall.
|
Limited depth of penetration
-Use torso template -Identify all CBO's - Attempt to insert probe with plane of template parallel to plane of opening -Rotate to most adverse orientation - Does not fit - PASS - Fits - continue - Place torso probe in plane B with plane of probe parallel to plane b - Rotate to most adverse orientation Does not fit - PASS Fits - continue with head probe in plane A -Head probe also fits - PASS - Head probe does not fit - FAIL -If passes, use head probe in plane A -Fits - PASS Does not fit - FAIL |
|
|
Test procedure for flexible openings
|
use two 3D probes - applied to an opening with a force of 30 pounds (toddler) or 50 pounds (preschool/school aged)
-Use torso template -Identify all CBO's - Attempt to insert probe with plane of template parallel to plane of opening (30 pounds of force for toddler, 50 pounds for preschool/school aged) -Rotate to most adverse orientation - Does not fit - PASS -Fits - then go to head probe - Head probe also fits - PASS - Head probe does NOT fit - FAIL |
|
|
Identify partially bounded openings
|
Any part of PG where child could get neck caught - where two parts of a PG meet (top of slide and guardrail, area between post and panel) DISCONTINUOUS
TODDLERS: Test if - perimeter of opening is not closed - the lowest leg of the opening is tilted upward above horizontal or 45 degrees below horizontal PRESCHOOL/SCHOOL AGED - perimeter of opening is not closed - the lowest leg of the opening is tilted upward above horizontal |
|
|
Test partially bounded openings
|
Use Fish probe
- Identify PBO's - Align probe so face of probe is parallel to plane of opening and narrow tip is pointing toward opening. - Insert probe as far as possible. - If it does not enter - (simultaneous contact between sides of opening and both top corners) - PASS - stop - If it enters, determine if sides touch when inserted fully. - If no (tip resting on lower boundary with no contact on sides - PASS - stop - If yes, remove probe and turn probe so it is perpendicular to opening. Insert b end between opening - Is B end completely past the points where contact was made with A portion? (Below top of opening 3/4" = fully inserted) - If no - PASS - stop - If yes - toddlers - FAIL - stop - If yes - preschool and school age - continue - Can B portion reach a point where the opening increases in size? - If no - FAIL - stop - If yes - continue - Determine if large head probe can pass freely through the larger opening. - If yes - PASS - IF no - FAIL |
|
|
These use zones may NOT overlap
|
the zone of equipment that rotates around a horizontal axis and has a play surface greater than 30"
Front to rear use zone of a to-fro swing |
|
|
Use zone for stationary play equipment
|
No less than 72" from all sides
use zones for two or more stationary play structures that are not physically attached but are functionally linked shall be determined as if the equipment were parts of a composite play structure (6' around perimeter) MAY OVERLAP - If play surfaces are no more than 30" high, equipment must be at least 72" apart If either play surface is greater than 30" high, the equipment must be at least 108" apart |
|
|
Equipment not requiring a use zone
|
Equipment that is intended for a user to maintain contact with the ground during play had no use zone (FS talk tubes, FS activity panels, ground level sandboxes)
|
|
|
Use Zone for Rotating Play Equipment
|
Use zone no less than 72" around perimeter
MAY NOT OVERLAP use zone of equipment that rotates around a vertical axis...UNLESS the diameter of the platform is less than 20" and height of play surfaces are both less than 30", minimum distance is 72". If diameter of platform is less than 20" and either play surface is greater than 30", the minimum distance is 108" |
|
|
Swing use zones
|
to fro and rotating swing path - no overlap
Use zones of swing frames may overlap with other equipment - but must be 108" apart |
|
|
Use zone for rocking/springing equipment - intended for sitting
|
Use zone at least 72"
MAY overlap - if height of each play surface is 30" or less above the surface they must be 72" apart - if height of either play surface is greater than 30", they must be 108" apart |
|
|
Use zone for rocking/springing equipment - intended for standing
|
Use zone at least 84"
May NOT overlap Equipment with limited movement or equipment where the user could not launch or propel himself from the equipment is exempt. |
|
|
Slide exit zones
|
May overlap if slide paths are parallel
At least 72" but no more than 96" |
|
|
Overhead obstructions
|
May not be within 84" of each designated play surface, the use zone or above the pivot point of swings - INCLUDES BRANCHES
|
|
|
Responsibilities of the owner/operator
|
Posting of signs and or labels (info supplied by manufacturer)
Replacing of signs or labels Install protective surfacing within the use zone of each play structure. Maintain protective surfacing Establish and maintain records Follow designer's/manufacturer's instructions and procedures to install all play structures. |
|
|
Lead Paint info
|
If paint is older than 1978, it's probably lead-based
Encapsulation is best way to contain/treat |
|
|
Completely Bounded Opening
|
totally enclosed - continuous perimeter
users at risk: pre-school (2-5) Dims based on 5th percentile 2 year old rigid or non-rigid The higher the location of the opening the greater the risk of serious injury more common before 1991 If torso probe fits but head probe does not, it is a head entrapment hazard |
|
|
Dowel Probe
|
Used to test crush/shear points (opening created by movement)
0.19" - roller slide 0.30" - merry go round 0.62" - common crush points Considered a hazard if dowel stays in place upon closing Exemptions: -Chain and its method of attachment -attachment area of heavy duty coil springs to the base and body of the rocking equipment -area between a swinging element and a horizontal toerail -area between light, movable objects necessary as an integral part of the of the play activity (abacus beads, bell clappers, telephone receivers, etc) |
|
|
Entanglement Hazard
|
Projection that:
One of the three projection gauges passes over the projection and contacts the initial surface. AND Projection extends perpendicular (+/- 5 deg) from the initial surface more than 0.12" (3.0 mm). The thickness of the projection gauge may be used to measure the 0.12" extension. No more than 2 threads of a bolt may be exposed - otherwise it's an entanglement hazard. *If bolt is recessed AND the 3.5" OD projection gauge cannot be made to contact the bolt end when the outside curve of the gauge is placed flat against recessed area it is exempt. |
|
|
Suspended hazards:
(6.6) |
There shall be no single nonrigid component (cable, wire, rope, etc) suspended between play units or from the ground to the play unit within 45 degrees of horizontal UNLESS it is above 84" from the playground surface AND is a minimum of 1" at its widest cross-section dimension. It is RECOMMENDED that they also be brightly colored or contrast with surrounding equipment to increase visibility.
Rope, cable or chain shall be fixed at both ends and not be capable of looping back on itself with an inside loop perimeter greater than 5" EXEMPTIONS: -two or more suspended components located at two or more elevations, may be suspended below 84" when they comply with all other aspects of the section and cannot be looped or stretched to contact another suspended component. -chain or cable used to support a swing (Rope shall NOT be used to support a swing) -rope, cable or chain shorter than 7" (multiple lengths of such cords that can contact one another would be treated as one length of cord. -Climbing net structures exempt from this, but must be fixed at both ends and not loop back on itself creating an inside loop diameter of greater than 5" |
|
|
Accessible routes within a use zone shall conform to the specifications of _____ and _____.
|
F1292 and F1951
|
|
|
Ramps, platforms or other stationary bridges, when used to connect an elevated access from the perimeter of the PG to the play equipment shall be exempt from ___________________where the connection is made at the perimeter.
|
Use zone fall requirements
|
|
|
Ramps that are a component of the play structure and are intended to provide wheelchair access shall have a horizontal run between landings not to exceed _____".
|
144"
|
|
|
Landings with play components shall include space for a wheelchair user to park and play with an adjacent circulation path not less than _____" wide
|
36"
|
|
|
Handrails:
|
Continuous on both sides of stairways UNLESS barriers are used, but barriers must provide alternate hand support.
Stairs/ladders with ONE tread shall have handrails OR alternate means of hand support on BOTH sides Available for use at the BEGINNING of the FIRST step. Between 0.95" and 1.55" diameter Height (vertical distance between the top front edge of a step or the top ramp surface and the top surface of the handrail above it): Between 22" and 38" |
|
|
Spiral stairways (general):
|
Shall meet general requirements for stairs
Depth of outer edge of stairwell (open and closed risers) shall be 7" or greater for 2-5 and 8" or greater for 5-12 Meet same requirements for handrails as stairs, but if it;s not possible to get handrails on both sides of stairway, a continuous handrail shall be provided along outside perimeter of the steps |
|
|
Height of guardrails is based on _________.
|
Child's center of gravity
|
|
|
Manufacturer's ID
|
Required on all play structures and composite play structures
Shall appear, shall be durable and shall be placed on the play structure |
|
|
Components intended for users standing at grade are not subject to the ___________ test.
|
Lateral Load
Examples: sandboxes, play panels, diggers, etc. |
|
|
Manufacturer/Designer's responsibilities
|
Provide a complete parts list
Provide clear and concise instructions and procedures for installation for each structure designed or provided Provide clear and concise inspection, repair and maintenance instructions, including, but not limited to, what, when and how to inspect, maintain and repair. |
|
|
Accessible route of travel
|
INSIDE
ASTM ADA ABA OUTSIDE ADA ABA Perimeter to structures - 80" OH clearance 60" width slope 6.25% max Adjacent to platform or play area May not restrict movement |
|
|
ASTM F1951 covers _____.
|
Wheelchair Accessibility of surface systems under and around PG equipment.
Equipment selection and location, along with the type of protective surfacing are key components to ensuring the opportunity for children with disabilities to play on the playground. |
|
|
Age Separation:
|
the layout of pathways and landscaping of the PG should show the distinct areas for the different age groups.
Areas should be separated at least by a buffer zone (area with shrubs or benches) This will reduce the chance of injury from older, more active children running through areas filled with younger children with generally slower movement and reaction times. |
|
|
Age Group:
|
In areas where access to PG is unlimited or enforced only by signage, the PG designer should recognize that since child development is fluid, parents and caregivers may select a PG that is slightly above or below their child's abilities - especially for children at or near a cut-off age (2 or 5).
Many reasons for this (supervising multiple kids, misperceptions about hazards to children of a different age, advanced development of a child, etc) That's why there is an overlap for age 5 THOSE WHO INSPECT THE PG SHOULD USE THE INTENDED AGE GROUP OF THE PLAYGROUND. |
|
|
Risk Management Plan |
Comprehensive program designed to reduce life-threatening or debilitating injuries Shows good intent Provides legal evidence |
|
|
5 Elements of Risk Management Plan |
1 - Safety Policy 2 - Leadership (safety Coordinator) 3 - Site History File 4 - Safety Audit 5 - Inspections, Repairs, Maintenance |
|
|
Risk Management Plan - First Step |
Formalize Safety Committment Establish a Safety Policy approved by governing board - Emphasize agency commitment to PG safety - Establish standard of care - Compel provision of safety-related resources - Provide authority to make PG-related safety decisions - Minimize exposure to risk |
|
|
Risk Management Plan - Leadership |
Identify and Appoint a PG Safety Coordinator - They involve everyone - Facilitate agency's commitment to PG safety - Identify, assess and assign tasks and responsibilities - Identify acceptable levels of risk exposure - Maintain continually-changing PG environments - Ensure maintenance and inspections are completed appropriately - Do NOT review and approve inspection forms |
|
|
Risk Management Plan - Site History File |
Must be kept for each playground site Contains: - Contact info - Insurance certificate - Maintenance/repair instructions - Inspection procedures - Parts lists - Installation Instructions - Specs/bids/docs - PO's/contracts/award docs - Site plans/drawings - PG audit reports - Inspection frequency checklist - Hi/Low frequency inspection reports - Copies of complaints - Copies of WO's - Accident/incident reports - Accident investigation reports - Accident summary reports / studies |
|
|
Risk Management Plan - Safety Audit |
Purpose of audit is to: Examine play equipment, surfacing and signage using agency policies and procedures and current standards and guidelines in order to: - Identify non-compliant conditions - Identify compliant conditions |
|
|
Perform a safety audit when: |
- Before the PG opens - Beginning of risk management plan - New equipment is installed - After major repair - When standards/guidelines update/change - Laws require audit - Case law established. **Recommended that an audit is Only performed by a CPSI (not lawyer) - but must |
|
|
Safety Audit/Inspection - difference |
AUDIT - ESTABLISH standard of care - Based on national standard. INSPECTION - MAINTAIN standard of care and Identify new hazards - Proactiv - shared responsibility |
|
|
Frequency of inspections is determined by: |
Equipment/Surfacing factors - Age, type, design Environmental factors - soil, drainage, climate, shade, when is PG used (year round?), open now? supervised/unsupervised |
|
|
Low-frequency inspections |
- Seasonal, in-depth - Inspect each component - Focus: Preventive maintenance - PROACTIVE - take care of small issues when possible to prevent big issues. Replace common hardware on site - work orders (keep records) - Produce work orders for for problems that can't be solved immediately - Cite ASTM/CPSC section on audit form when recommendation is made - Record all findings on site (photos, site plan) - Advise owner of high-priority hazards - Develop plan for taking equipment out of service if applicable - Only copies of PW on site (not originals) - The audit is confidential - only owner/operator or a specified agent may get the report |
|
|
High-frequency inspections |
Custodial - identifies change - FOCUS: Routine maintenance/scheduled maintenance - may be as much as several times a day - sudden/repeated issues such as storm damage, flooding, loose-fill surfacing depth in high-traffic areas - Rake surface, clean PG, pick up garbage - Document and submit WO for repair - Supervisor needs to review inspection form |
|
|
If equipment needs to be taken out of service: |
-Create a safe environment (caution tape, snow fencing, construction fencing, signs) *Construction fencing and signs are BEST way to take equipment out of service - try to minimize down time -Document - photos -When equipment is out of service, it draws attention - Have contingency plan before accident happens - Removal of equipment is NOT an admission of guilt - Form used is specific for agency - ONLY a CPSI should investigate. An attorney may NOT participate |
|
|
Hazard Priority Rating Scale |
Rating of 1-5 in order of severity CONSTANT #1 - FIX NOW - potential for loss of body part, permanent disability or death EX: exposed footers, gap at top of slide transition area, heavy metal animal swings #2 - FIX ASAP - potential for serious injury - temporary disability EX: Broken swing chain, missing or loose hardware on upper body equipment #3 - FIX WHEN TIME PERMITS - potential for minor or non-disabling injury EX: Surfacing under swings or slide exit, Bolt with 3-4 threads exposed below decks and platforms #4 - CORRECT WHEN WORSENS - very minimal injury EX: worn swing seats, loose hardware on ground level panels #5 - COMPLIANT EX: Inadequate shade (don't understand this one), litter |
|
|
Safety Audit |
ESTABLISH standard of care Based on national standard. Audit Process: Identify compliant and non-compliant conditions using probes, gauges and current standards and guidelines. Determine a Hazard Priority Rating for non-compliant conditions based on predictable results (possibility, probability, consequences). Provide a basis for all findings. Establish repair/removal/replacement priorities based on injury potential. Correct non-compliant conditions When non-compliant conditions have been corrected, the Standard of Care has been achieved. |
|
|
Safety Inspection |
MAINTAIN standard of care Identify new hazards Proactive shared responsibility Carried out in a systematic manner by personnel familiar with the PG *Inspections alone do NOT constitute a comprehensive maintenance program |
|
|
#1 Hazard Rating - FIX NOW |
Potential for permanent injury, loss of body part or death, brain damage, loss of vision, loss of speech, organ destruction Exposed footers Gap at top of slide transition area Heavy metal animal swings |
|
|
#2 Hazard Rating - FIX ASAP |
Potential for serious injury - temporary disability Broken swing chain Loose or missing hardware on upper body equipment |
|
|
#3 Hazard Rating - ADDRESS WHEN TIME PERMITS |
Potential for minor or non-debilitating injury Surface under swings Bolt with 3-4 threads exposed below decks/platforms |
|
|
#4 Hazard Rating - ADDRESS WHEN CONDITION WORSENS |
Potential for very minimal injury Worn swing seats Loose hardware on ground level panels |
|
|
#5 Hazard Rating - COMPLIANT |
Compliant Inadequate shade (do not understand this one) Litter in play area |
|
|
NRPA |
National Recreation and Park Association |
|
|
IPEMA |
International Playground Equipment Manufacturers Association |
|
|
NPCAI |
International Playground Contractors Association |
|
|
ASTM |
American Society for Testing and Materials International |
|
|
ASTM F2075 |
Engineered Wood Fiber Safety Surfacing |
|
|
CPSI Course Objectives |
1 - Identify safety hazards on PG's 2 - Rank the hazard according to injury potential 3 - Apply knowledge to establish a comprehensive PG safety program |
|
|
A comprehensive program of PG safety includes what three things? |
1 - Audits 2 - Inspections 3 - Maintenance |
|
|
Difference between a RISK and a HAZARD: |
RISK - how a child learns HAZARD - Known danger. Causes injury. |
|
|
Basis for Hazard Identification - Standards and Guidelines are developed from: |
National Injury Data (NEISS) Industry Experience Risk Management and Litigation Anthropometrics (measurement of the human body) WHY? Gain insight as to HOW and WHY injuries occur |
|
|
Function of a play environment is to help develop a child ________. (4 ways) |
Physically Intellectually Socially Cognitively |
|
|
PG injury overview - notes |
61 million children is US through age 14 Over 220,000 PG equipment related injuries annually 76% on public playgrounds 79% of those are from FALLS 11% of those are from IMPACT 83% of children injured are between ages 2-9 |
|
|
Guardrail should be placed ______________ to prevent a fall. |
Above the child's center of gravity |
|
|
Major cause of death and seriously debilitating injury on public playgrounds (Top 4) |
1 - ENTANGLEMENT (clothing, strings, ropes) 2 - FALLS (onto hard underlying surfaces) 3 - HEAD AND NECK ENTRAPMENT (in equipment openings) 4 - IMPACT (by tipped or loose equipment, or moving swings) ***Most deaths on RESIDENTIAL equipment is from entanglement and non-sufficient surfacing. |
|
|
Factors that contribute to public playground injuries |
Improper use / Poor supervision (we can not control) The following CAN be controlled: Poor Maintenance Inappropriate Design Installation Errors Site Planning Issues |
|
|
Most common cause of playground fatalities |
Entanglement |
|
|
The Hazard Priority Level is NOT based upon the potential cause of injury. |
The possibility of a head entrapment, entanglement or a fall does NOT automatically make any such hazard a Prioroty 1. Consideration must be given to the possibility, probability and consequences |
|
|
Hazard Priority Level is based upon three factors: |
1 - Possibility - the likelihood users would come in contact with the hazard Easy to access? In heavily-used area? Can condition become worse easily or quickly? 2 - Probability - what is the probability that a child would have an accident as a result of exposure? 3 - Consequence - The most likely level of injury to be the consequence of the accident. Will it result in major or minor injury? |
|
|
Footing |
Means of anchoring playground equipment to the ground |
|
|
Slide Chute |
The inclined sliding surface of a slide |
|
|
Tube Slide |
Slide in which the chute consists of a totally enclosed tube or tunnel |
|
|
Embankment slide |
Slide that follows the contour of the ground and at no point is the bottom of the chute greater than 12" above the surrounding ground. |
|
|
Full bucket seat swing |
Appropriate for children under 4 Provides support on all sides and between the legs. Cannot be entered or exited without assistance |
|
|
|
Manufactured material used for protective surfacing in the use zone that may be rubber tiles, mats or a combination of energy-absorbing materials held in place by a binder that may be poured in place at the PG site and cures to form a unitary shock absorbing surface. |
|
|
Entrapment |
Any condition that impedes withdrawal of a body or body part that has penetrated an opening. |
|
|
Entanglement |
A condition in which the user's clothes or something around the user's neck become caught or entwined on a component of PG equipment. |
|
|
Protective Surfacing |
Shock absorbing (impact attenuating) surfacing material int he use zone of play equipment |
|
|
Accessible |
Relating to a part or portion of the PG that 1 - can be contacted by any body part or 2 - is approachable or usable, or both, by persons with disabilities |
|
|
Accessible playground |
PG equipment area, that, when viewed in its entirety, may be approached and entered and provides a range of play opportunities and experiences to users of varying abilities. |
|
|
Component |
of a play structure, any portion thereof that generates specific activity and cannot stand alone. |
|
|
Crush and Shear Point |
juncture at which the user could suffer contusion, laceration, abrasion, amputation or fracture during use of the PG equipment. |
|
|
handrail |
Rigid linear device, following the path of access or egress, that when grasped, provides balance and support in maintaining a specific body posture |
|
|
Head Injury Criteria |
Measure of impact severity that considers the duration over which the most critical section of the deceleration phase persists as well as the peak level of deceleration. |
|
|
Maximum user |
12-year-old child; measurement characteristics are the 95th percentile values for combined sexes |
|
|
Minimum user |
2-year-old child; measurement characteristics are the 5th percentile values for combined sexes |
|
|
Preventive maintenance |
Planned program of inspections and maintenance intended to keep equipment functioning properly and to forestall equipment failures |
|
|
The signal word for safety labels is ______. |
WARNING |
|
|
Help eliminate trip hazards |
Changes of elevation should be obvious Contrast color of surfacing with equipment and/or containment with surfacing Containment borders should be highly visible |
|
|
ASTM Materials and Manufacture |
Materials mush have record of durability -- Wood - Rot resistant or treated - No toxins (no cca) - Check for rot beneath surface -- Metal - Corrosion may begin with surface rust - Check for rusted welds, connectors, surface rust on rails, rusted footers * Advanced corrosion causes metal to become thin, brittle and full of holes -- Plastic - UV degraded plastics can degrade or break (cracks and crazing) -- Sharp Edges - Created by wear -- Lead Paint - Check for peeling/flaking paint (if installed before 1978 it's probably lead based). - ENCAPSULATION is the best way to contain lead paint -- Fasteners - Corrosion resistant or have CR coating - Must not loosen or be removable without tools - Must be self-locking or have means to prevent detachment - Collar secure pins are needed for load bearing collars -- Moving components - Check for wear at points of moving contact (worn out bushings on swings and S-hooks) |
|
|
For completely bounded opening that narrows - |
If head probe passes through wide part of opening but not the narrow, use the partially bounded opening test method to test the narrow portion (fish probe) |
|
|
Compound projections |
If ANY part of the projection extends beyond the face of the three gauges, the projection is a protrusion.
|
|
|
A projection is NOT an entanglement hazard unless these four conditions are met: |
1 - Projection must fit within gauge 2 - Projection must be above the horizontal plane (+/- 2%) 3 - Projection must have perpendicular sides 4 - Projection must extend >0.12" from initial surface Projections horizontally greater than 1/8" does not have to be rounded |
|
|
Projections in the Slide Non-Entanglement Zone |
Projections greater than 0.12" are NOT allowed within the 21" Slide Non Entanglement Zone regardless of the orientation of projection |
|
|
Slide Entanglement |
Shall be constructed in such a manner as to provide a continuous sliding surface (roller slides exempted) and shall minimize the likelihood of entanglements No tool or dimension is used to determine entanglement potential - PROFESSIONAL JUDGMENT MUST BE USED |
|
|
Entanglement hazard Use the ___________ test gauge to test for bolt end accessibility. |
Large gauge. If the curved surface of the gauge touches the bolt, the bolt is accessible and cannot have more than two threads exposed and is subject to the tests for protrusion hazards. |
|
|
Entanglement Hazard Projections that increase in size from their initial surface may be entanglement hazards. Two criteria: |
Projection must fit inside one of the three gauges If the increase in size extends greater than 0.12" from the initial surface with a depth greater than 0.12" the space created is an entanglement hazard. |
|
|
S-Hook criteria to prevent them from being an entanglement hazard |
No portion of the closed end of an S-hook may project above the upper loop The lower loop of an S-hook may not overlap the side of the body of the hook. Check S-hook with FEELER GAUGE. Gap should be no more than 0.04" **Connecting devices that have an in-fill such as plastic or cable that COMPLETELY fills the interior space of both loops are exempt |
|
|
During a PG safety audit, a CPSI notices the follwing: 1 - Bolt with two threads exposed on the side of a platform 2 - a head entrapment with the footrest of a spring rider 3 - an S-hook with the top loop overlapping the bottom loop 4 - a bolt protruding 1/4" from the side of a slide. Which bolts are compliant with ASTM1487 A - 1 AND 2 ONLY B - 1 AND 3 ONLY C - 2 AND 4 ONLY D - 3 AND 4 ONLY |
B |
|
|
On an 8' high FS slide - which is Priority 1 hazard? A - Bolt head projecting 3/16" in the non-entanglement zone B - Transition platform that is 12" deep C - Sidewalls that are 3" high D - an exit region that is 18" above the surfacing |
A |
|
|
Which passes the entanglement test? A - Bolt that increases in diameter from it's initial surface on a climber B - Bolt with two threads exposed on the side of a platform C - Bolt that projects upward 3/8" on a horizontal ladder D - Bolt that projects 1/4" from the slide of a slide |
B |
|
|
Which of the following dimensions is correct regarding the head entrapment test probes? TORSO PROBE HEAD PROBE A - 95th% 5YO 95th% 12YO B - 95th% 2YO 5th% 5YO C - 5th% 5YO 5th% 12YO D - 5th% 2YO 95th% 5YO |
D |
|
|
Most common cause of injury on public playgrounds is: A - Entanglement B - Falls C - Impact D - Entrapment |
B |
|
|
Most common cause of PG fatalities A - Entanglement B - Falls C - Impact D - Entrapment |
A |
|
|
Which of the following ASTM materials should be used as a reference document when selecting a surfacing system to be installed in a public PG? A - F2075 B - F2049 C - F2223 D - F2373 |
C |
|
|
Which statement regarding play equipment and manufacture is true? A - Wood must be treated with CCA or other prservatives B - Fasteners must be permanently locked into place C - Plastic materials shall be protected from U/V light D - Materials other than wood, metal, plastic or rubber are not permitted. |
C |
|
|
The user range covered by ASTM F1487 is A - 95th % 2YO - 5th % 5YO B - 5th % 5YO - 95th % - 95th % 12YO C - 95th % 2YO - 5th % 12YO D - 5th % 2YO - 95th % 12YO |
D |
|
|
Which of the following is appropriate if found in a 2-5 play area? A - 8' high FS slide B - FS Arch Climber C - Track Ride D - Parallel Bars |
A |
|
|
Which of the following statements about protrusions is correct? A - The smallest projection gauge protects a child from a projection entering their brain through an eye socket B - The 0.12" gauge is placed next to suspended components to test for protrusion hazards C - Recessed bolts may be inaccessible and not subject to protrusion tests D - Five projection gauges are used to identify projections that are protrustion hazards |
C |
|
|
Which of the following would fail the head entrapment test? A - Opening in a barrier that admits both the torso and head probe. B - Opening in a tot swing that admits the torso probe but not the head probe C - Opening in a 5' high arch climber that does not admit the torso probe D - Opening between the protective surfacing and the bottom rail of a step ladder. |
B |
|
|
Field tools to test for crush and shear hazards |
Roller Slides - 0.19" dowel Merry-Go-Rounds (rotating equipment)b - 0.30 dowel Common crush/shear = 0.62" dowel Remember - there must be movement! Movement of bridge against stationary platform may be a crush hazarrd |
|
|
Exemptions to crush and shear criteria |
Chain and its method of attachment Attachment area of coil springs Area between top rail and swinging element Area between lightweight movable objects DON'T TEST WITH BODY PARTS! |
|
|
No sharp points or edges (general) |
No sharp points or edges - Manufacturers use a sharp edge test device - CPSI's use professional judgment CPSC - open pipes and tubes must be capped |
|
|
Elevated platform access/egress |
Easiest is a ramp Wide stairway Step Ladder Vertical Rung Ladder |
|
|
Access/Egress Ramps (general) |
RAMPS are the most effective means of providing wheelchair access to elevated platforms Maximum slope is 1:12 Maximum ramp run without a landing is 12' (144") Elevated access routes must have a minimum width of 36" Landings must have a 60" minimum diameter |
|
|
Access/Egress Stairways (general) |
Provide easy access for the very young - Low slope of ascent and descent - Wide treads / Low risers - Handrails needed Stepped Platforms and Transfer Platforms for Access - Max 8" rise for each stepped platform - 11"-18" rise for transfer platform |
|
|
Access/Egress Stepladders (general) |
Tread depth is important for pre-school age users Steeper slope than stairways Handrails still needed Tread and riser dims vary based on age - tread deeper for preschool users - shool age children do not require as large a tread - they can balance on the ball of their foot |
|
|
Handrails provide balance and support |
Handrail height between 22" and 38" from each step and support needed at the first step Children's fingers should wrap around at least 75% of the handrail perimeter (0.95 - 1.55"_ |
|
|
Access/Egress - Arch Climbers (general) |
Should NOT be sole means of access to elevated platforms for pre-school children Should not connect to the structure above the platform |
|
|
Access/Egress - Flexible Components |
Not sole means of access to composite structure for 2-5 Anchored at top and bottom Allow pre-school users to bring both feet to same level Anchored beneath the minimum required level of the protective surfacing |
|
|
Critical guardrail enclosure dimensions |
Top surface of guardrail - 29" for 2-5 - 38" for 5-12 Lower edge - 23" MAX for 2-5 - 28" MAX for 5-12 |
|
|
Fall Prevention for pre-school users (2-5) |
Platform height = 20" -- nothing needed Platform height between 20" and 30" -- guardrail needed Platform height >30" -- barrier needed |
|
|
Fall prevention for school-age users |
Platform height = 30" -- nothing needed Platform height between 30" and 48" -- guardrail needed Platform height >48" -- barrier needed |
|
|
An access component is required between adjacent platforms when height difference is _______ for 2-5 and ________ for 5-12. |
Greater than 12" for 2-5 Greater than 18" for 5-12 |
|
|
Barriers are required on stairs that are greater than _____" high |
48" Applies only to the portion of the step above 48" |
|
|
2-5 YO Guardrails |
Platform > 20" above surfacing Minimum height 29" Maximum lower opening 23" |
|
|
2-5 YO Protective Barriers |
Platform > 30" above surfacing Minimum height 29" No opening allows passage of torso probe |
|
|
5-12 YO Guardrails |
Platform > 30" above surfacing Minimum height 38" Maximum lower opening 28" |
|
|
5-12 YO Protective Barriers |
Platform > 48" above surfacing Minimum height 38" No opening allows passage of torso probe |
|
|
Guardrails and Barriers on Wheelchair Accessible Ramps |
Same criteria for guardrails and barriers Protective barrier must have additional continuous handrail on inside of barrier Guardrail and barrier must come within 1" of the platform surface OR have 2" raised curb |
|
|
Wheelchair accessible platforms |
Openings in platform and between edge and railing may not exceed 1/2" |
|
|
Distance between rungs in upper body equipment |
2-5 -- 9"-12" (CPSC recommends) *also parallel and evenly-spaced 5-12 -- 9"-15" (CPSC recommends) |
|
|
Which dowel probe should be used to test for crush and shear in the swivel of a rotating swing? |
0.62" dowel probve |
|
|
A CPSI records the following data while performing a safety audit on a PG intended for children aged 2-5 - Transfer platform 24" above the surfacing - Adjacent platforms 24" apart with no access component - A guardrail on a 32" platform - A 20" opening between a barrier and a climber Which of the following should CPSI recommend in order to maintain compliance with ASTM F1487? A - Lower transfer platform to 18" above surfacing, install rung ladder between adjacent platforms, replace guardrail with barrier, reduce opening between barrier and climber to 18" B - Raise surfacing within 18" of transfer platform, install access component between adjacent platforms, replace guardrail with barrier, install horizontal top rail on opening between barrier and climber C - Raise surfacing within 14" of transfer platform, install solid infill panel between adjacent platforms, remove guardrail, reduced opening between barrier and climber to 15" D - Raise surfacing within 12" of transfer platform, reduce space between adjacent platforms to 16", replace guardrail with barrier, install horizontal top rail between barrier and climber |
B |
|
|
Slides must have a means to channel the user into a seated position (examples:) |
Hood Bar Panel Tube Other chute entry device |
|
|
Critical dimensions for slide bedway: |
Sidewalls 4" or higher Bed Width - Minimum 12" for 2-5 - Minimum 16" for 5-12 Reduced gradient exit - minimum of 11" Exit = 4 degrees below horizontal Average slope no t to exceed 30 degrees - no section to exceed 50 degrees |
|
|
Slide exit height |
0"-11" slides = 48" elevation 7"-15" slides > 48" elevation |
|
|
Two slide safety zones |
Non-entanglement zone (entanglement of clothing on a projection) Clearance zone (impacting and adjacent component or separate piece of equipment) |
|
|
Slide Non-Entanglement Zone |
Free of entanglement hazards No projections acceptable in this space that - Fit inside large projection gauge - Extend perpendicular from its initial surface > 0.12" Begins on the bottom edge of the slide and extends out and up is 60" high only above the transition platform entry |
|
|
Slide Clearance Zone |
Free from obstructions Is 60" above the slide bedway for the entire length of the slide Does not extend below top of sidewalls Exempt: Hoods, devices used to channel user into seated position, spiral slides, Tube slides |
|
|
Spiral Slide Clearance Zone |
21" on OUTSIDE of spiral slide only - measured from inside of sidewall |
|
|
Swing seats - Dynamic Impact Test |
Suspended elements shall not impart a peak acceleration in excess of 100 g's and shall have a HIC score not to exceed 500 Exemption: components >/= 84" at lowest point |
|
|
Stepping Forms |
For preschool - must be stationary > 30" must be stationary Distance between stepping forms - 12" max for 2-5 - 18" max for 5-12" |
|
|
Log Rolls |
May stand alone or be attached to composite structure Rotate around horizontal axis 18" max roller height Not recommended for preschool aged children Handgrips needed for mounting, dismounting, maintaining balance |
|
|
Track rides |
Not recommended for preschool age Platforms not required Must meet requirements for upper body components and hand gripping If platforms are used: - Minimum depth - 36" - Minimum width - 32" - Maximum platform height - 36" for school age users Clearance from handgrip to surfacing - 64" to 78" Adjacent tracks minimum 48" center to center |
|
|
Roofs that are an integral part of a play surface and are _____ " above the underlying designated playing surface shall contain no designated playing surface. |
< 84" |
|
|
Non-Traditional Play Equipment |
- Determine what manufacturer calls it - If that doesn't help - apply appripriate performance criteria - May NOT be declared "non compliant because it's not specifically covered in ASTM standard |
|
|
Posting signs/labels is the responsibility of _____. |
The owner / operator |
|
|
Maintaining signs/labels is the responsibility of _____. |
The owner / operator |
|
|
_________ is responsible for advising owner of intended age range for product. |
Manufacturer |
|
|
Signs / Labels |
Placed so they are readily visible and alert the user to a hazard in time to take appropriate action May be placed on the equipment or be free standing (out of the use zone). |
|
|
Signs / Labels must contain (communicate to user) |
- Age appropriateness - Supervision recommended - Warning message regarding removal of helmets, drawstrings or accessories around the neck - Warning message regarding hot play surfaces and/or surfacing when applicable - Warning message regarding the hazard of installing play equipment over hard surfaces (when applicable) - All must meet ANSI criteria - All shall conform to UL969 |
|
|
A CPSI records the following data during a pre-opening playground safety audit for a PG intended for ages 2-5 - A 42" high slide exits directly ont he safety surfacing - A merry-go-round is installed 18" above surfacing - A spring rocker is installed within 9' of the side of a freestanding slide. - A balance beam connects to a composite structure. Which of the following actions should the CPSI recommend that the installer complete in order to bring the PG into compliance? A - raise the slide exit region to 11" B - Lower the merry-go-round to 14" above the surfacing C - Move the spring rocker so it is 12' away from the slide structure D - Move the balance beam 9' away from the composite structure |
B |
|
|
Which of the following signs or labels are required for every playground? 1 - Warning about removing helmets and drawstrings around the neck 2 - Identity of PG owner/operator 3 - Age appropriateness 4 - Supervision required ___ A - 3 and 4 only B - 2 and 3 only C - 1 and 3 only D -1 and 2 only |
C |
|
|
To select , specify and evaluate impact attenuating surface systems use the current: |
ASTM 1292 ASTM 1951 ASTM 2223 Surfacing guide CPSC handbook |
|
|
ASTM F1292 only addresses _____. |
serious head injury. G-Max - max acceleration of a missile (head) during an impact...NOT EXCEEDING 200g's HIC - head injury criteria - measure of the impact severity that combines time and energy of an impact...NOT EXCEEDING 1,000 HIC |
|
|
Critical height is a characteristic of _____. |
the surfacing sytem |
|
|
Fall height is a characteristic of ________. |
The play equipment |
|
|
Critical height of the surfacing must __________ the fall height of the equipment. |
meet or exceed |
|
|
Fall height for swings |
Height of pivot point to the protective surfacing |
|
|
Fall height of see saws |
Max height of any part to the protective surfacing |
|
|
surface system |
all materials that contribute to the impact absorption to minimize likelihood of life threatening injury |
|
|
loose fill system |
Surfacing system consisting of small, independent movable particles Wood chips, bark mulch, sand, pea stone, engineered wood fiber, shredded rubber fiber |
|
|
unitary system |
surfacing system consisting of one or more components bound together Mats, tile, pour-in-place, combination |
|
|
composite system |
surfacing system including loose-fill and unitary components loose rubber and matting combo, geo-textile fabric, stone drainage base, bags of recycled rubber, loose rubber, containment mat |
|
|
ASTM F1487-11 does NOT cover: |
Does NOT cover accessibility except as it pertains to DOJ 2010 Std for Accessible Design Does not cover items installed outside the equipment use zone (independent shade structures, benches, tables, borders) Does not cover home PG, amusement rides, sports equipment, fitness equipment intended for users over age 12, children 6-24 mos and soft contained PG equipment. |
|
|
Fall height for 3D climbing net: |
Exterior fall height - distance from surfacing to highest point at which a rigid vertical device contacts the net structure when moved around the perimeter |
|
|
On a sand digger, a crush and shear hazard is any point that entraps a dowel of what diameter? |
5/8" or 0.62" |
|
|
TO-Fro swing designed for children aged 2-5. Which of the following is non-compliant? A - Adjacent swing structures are 84" apart B - Top rail is 9' high C - Swing seat is 36" above the surfacing D - Adjacent swing chains are 28" apart |
B |
|
|
Purpose of PG risk management plan |
Reduce loss of life and debilitating injury to PG users Limit exposure to liability and control issues Maintain the PG environment Show good intent (public relations) |
|
|
Elements of a Comprehensive PG Risk Management Plan |
PG Safety Policy Leadership (Safety Coordinator) Documentation Safety Audit Inspections and Maintenance |
|
|
General PG file contains: |
PG policy statement Staff training documentation Surfacing compliance letter Installation compliance letter Equipment compliance letter ADA Accessibility guidelines CPSC Handbook ASTM Standards |
|
|
PG inspections should be: |
Performed by trained staff Tailored to equipment and surfacing type Designed to document both problems and corrective action Documented with easy-to-use checklists/forms based on - Manufacturer's recommendations - Agencies policies and procedures |
|
|
Goals of Inspections and Maintenance |
PROACTIVE Safety, Function, Aesthetics |
|
|
Which of the following represent the primary purpose for PG audits? - Identify non-compliant conditions - Maintain the Standard of Care - Identify compliant conditions - Rank Hazards according to in jury potential A - 1 and 2 only B - 1 and 3 only C - 2 and 3 only D - 3 and 4 only |
B |
|
|
What is the primary factor affecting inspection frequency? A - type of equipment and surfacing B - Drainage and soil conditions C - Extent of use D - Age of equipment and surfacing |
C |
|
|
During an inspection of a neighborhood PG, a CPSI notices the following: - Water standing within composite structure use zone 3 days after a rain - No warning labels on equipment - No surfacing under a ground level play panel - Vertical projection extending 1/4" from the top of a swing structure Which of the following lists these hazards from the highest to the lowest priority? A - 1, 4, 3, 2 B - 2, 3, 4, 1 C - 3, 2, 1, 4 D - 4, 1, 2, 3 |
D |
