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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Biogenetic Law
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Haeckel: Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny
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Epigenetics
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"above gene"; almost all development occurs due to interaction of proteins coded by genes; no hand/eye gene
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Homeotic genes
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Hox genes; responsible for directing development; relatively unchanged by evolution; ordered anterior to ventral (in order of when they need to "turn on")
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Pax6
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Causes eye development when turned on; controls expression of rhodopsin pigment (present in bacteria even)
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Pax8
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Involved in development of hearing; similar to Pax6, maybe reason for genetic problems with eyes and hearing
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Usher Syndrome
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Most common genetic disorder affecting eyes and ears (4 in 100,000); three types
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Usher Type 1
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deafness in both ears; decreased night vision before 10 yo; balance problems from birth
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Usher Type 2
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moderate to severe hearing loss at birth; decreased night vision in late childhood/teens; normal balance
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Usher Type 3
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normal hearing at birth, progressive decline; vision loss varies, usually night vision problems begin in teens; normal to near normal balance, may deteriorate
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Induction
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one structure effects development of other structure; (neural tube induces sclerotomes to form vertebrae)
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Reciprocal Induction
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Two or more structures affect development of others; norm
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Apical ecotodermal ridge
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reciprocal induction; length of limb bone
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Mesodermal core
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reciprocal induction; front or back of limb
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Vitamin A
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Retinoic acid; will cause second ZPA (zone of polarizing activity) to form in bone development
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Saltatory Evolution
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potentially develop isolating mechanism in one generation; immediate speciation
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Punctuated equilibrium
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record suggests brief periods of rapid evolution followed by lulls
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Hampe
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physically separated tibia and fibula with mica or provided extra mesenchyme in developing chick
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Mueller
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inert barrier between tibia and fibula, differences due to tibia shortening only
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Reversals
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evolution of lost characteristics (ex: opposable big toe in humans)
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Paedomorphosis
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adults with juvenile characteristics
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Hypermorphosis
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structure continues its development beyond the ordinary time of cessation when the animal matures
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Progenesis
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paedomorphosis; sexual maturity accelerated relative to somatic development; adult larvae (some fishes, tree salamanders), juvenile hands, unfused skull bones
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Progenic fish
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Priocharax, Amazonsprattus
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Neoteny
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paedomorphosis, somatic development slows and is taken over by normal sexual maturity,
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Animal pole
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where embryo develops
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Vegetal pole
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where yolk develops
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Holoblastic cleavage
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whole zygote forms embryo, occurs in isolecithaleggs (mammals, amphioxus) or mesolecithal (amphibians)
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Isolecithal
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sparse, evenly distributed yolk
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Mesolecithal
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eggs with moderate vegetal yolk disposition
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Meroblastic
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incomplete cleavage
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Telolecithal
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(megalecithal) dense yolk
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Discoidal cleavage
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only small part becomes embryo, most fish, reptiles, birds, monotremes
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Pax7
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marker of neural crest
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neuroblastoma
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cancer of neural crest-derived sympathetic nerve cells, most common cancer in children under 2
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metalloproteinases
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produced to manufacture and reform collagen; response to sun breaking down collagen
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Mucous Glands
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1. Laminar Flow
2. Antibacterial 3. Keep skin from drying (Epidermis) |
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Keratin
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1. Mostly in terrestrial craniates and thickest in contact areas
2. Fish (mudskippers, darters) 3. Folds that form tetrapod scales |
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Sacciform cells
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distasteful chemicals, toxins, alarm substances
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Bony scales
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cosmoid, ganoid, cycloid, ctenoid
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Elasmoid
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cycloid and ctenoid
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Uropygial gland
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waterproof feathers, preening
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