Zoo 430: Exam 2

Front 1

The skull is not a "single" structure, rather it is made up of what composite pieces?

Back 1

- Neurocranium (Chondrocranium)
- Dermatocranium
- Splanchnocranium

Front 2

Which component of the "composite" skull forms the primary brain case, i.e., the skull floor and wall?

Back 2

Neurocranium

Front 3

The neurocranium is homologous to what structure in sharks?

Back 3

Chondrocranium

Front 4

What is the difference between the neurocranium and the chondrocranium?

Back 4

They are homologous structures; chondrocranium is in sharks and made of cartilage, neurocranium is in derived vertebrates and bony

Front 5

What kind of bone is the neurocranium made from?

Back 5

Replacement bone

Front 6

What component of the "composite skull" forms the roof over the brain and is always bony?

Back 6

Dermatocranium

Front 7

What is the dermatocranium made out of?

Back 7

Membrane bone (dermal)

Front 8

What types of bone are classified as "membrane" bone?

Back 8

- Dermal (including dermatocranium)
- Sesamoid
- Peri

Front 9

What types of bone are classified as replacement bone?

Back 9

- Long bones
- Ribs
- Vertebrae
- Many others (including neurocranium)

Front 10

What component of the "composite skull" is called the "visceral skull" and is a minor component in size?

Back 10

Splanchnocranium

Front 11

What is the splanchnocranium derived from?

Back 11

Gill (visceral) arches

Front 12

What happens to the splanchnocranium over evolution?

Back 12

- Prominent in ancestral vertebrates
- Reduced to pieces in derived vertebrates

Front 13

In tetrapods, what covers the neurocranium?

Back 13

Dermatocranium

Front 14

There are three centers of chondrofication (3 paired cartilages) in the development of the neurocranium, what are they?

Back 14

1) Prechordals (aka Trabeculae)
2) Parachordals
3) Occipitals

Front 15

Where is the prechordal cartilage (of neurocranium) located?

Back 15

- Anterior to notochord
- Prebrain region
- Between the optic capsules

Front 16

Where is the parachordal cartilage (of neurocranium) located?

Back 16

- Adjacent to the notochord
- Midbrain region
- Between the otic capsules and notochord

Front 17

Where is the occipital cartilage (of neurocranium) located?

Back 17

- Back of skull
- Hindbrain region
- Posterior to otic capsules

Front 18

Which neurocranium cartilages originated from the neural crest / ectoderm?

Back 18

Prechordals (Trabeculae)

Front 19

Which neurocranium cartilages originated from the mesoderm?

Back 19

Parachordals and Occipitals

Front 20

What are the three sensory capsules of the skull?

Back 20

1) Olfactory Capsule (open to outside)
2) Optic Capsule (open cup around eye)
3) Otic Capsule (surrounds hearing organ)

Front 21

What lines the olfactory capsule?

Back 21

Lined with sensory tissues (nasal epithelium)

Front 22

Is the optic capsule homologous to the orbit?

Back 22

No, the orbit is made of bone; the optic capsule is a fibrous backing to the eye which is separate and distinct from bony orbit

Front 23

Why does the otic capsule completely surround the hearing organ?

Back 23

It surrounds the internal parts for rigorous protection

Front 24

What do the prechordal cartilages grow/spread to form?

Back 24

Forms a shelf called the ethmoid plate which is chondrified

Front 25

What do the parachordal cartilages grow/spread to form?

Back 25

Forms a shelf called the basal plate

Front 26

All sensory capsules fuse with the plates (ethmoid and basal) except for which one?

Back 26

Optic capsule does not fuse because if it did, movement of the eye would be impossible; therefore it is not part of the neurocranium

Front 27

There are 5 centers of ossification in the development of the neurocranium, which are?

Back 27

1) Ethmoid
2) Anterior Spheniod
3) Posterior Sphenoid
4) Otic
5) Occipital

Front 28

What are the bony derivatives of the Ethmoid center of ossification? What is their purpose?

Back 28

- Nasal Turbinates - scroll-like feature which filters air before entering respiratory system
- Mesethmoid - bony septum

Front 29

What are the bony derivatives of the Anterior Sphenoid center of ossification?

Back 29

- Sphenethmoid (base)
- Presphenoid (base)
- Orbitosphenoid (walls)

Front 30

The optic capsule does not have a center of ossification, but what is its derivative?

Back 30

Sclerotic

Front 31

What are the bony derivatives of the posterior sphenoid center of ossification?

Back 31

- Basisphenoid (base)
- Pleurosphenoid (walls)

Front 32

What are the bony derivatives of the otic center of ossification?

Back 32

- Epiotic
- Prootic
- Opisthotic
(separate ossified elements)

Front 33

What are the bony derivatives of the occipital center of ossification?

Back 33

- Supraoccipital
- Exoccipital
- Basioccipital
(separate ossified elements)

Front 34

The Ethmoid Plate has what center of ossification?

Back 34

Anterior Sphenoid

Front 35

The Ethmoid has what center of ossification?

Back 35

Ethmoid

Front 36

The Basal Plate has what center of ossification?

Back 36

Posterior Sphenoid

Front 37

In mammals, what individual components found in bony fish and non-mammal tetrapods, forms the sphenoid?

Back 37

- Sphenethmoid
- Orbitosphenoid
- Basisphenoid
- Pleurosphenoid

Front 38

In mammals, what individual components found in bony fish and non-mammal tetrapods, forms the Petrous?

Back 38

- Epiotic
- Prootic
- Opisthotic

Front 39

In mammals, what individual components found in bony fish and non-mammal tetrapods, forms the Occipital?

Back 39

- Supraoccipital
- Exoccipital
- Basioccipital

Front 40

What is the hardest bone in the body?

Back 40

Petrous

Front 41

What are the basic evolutionary patterns in the development of the neurocranium?

Back 41

- Increased ossification of elements in derived vertebrates
- Increased fusion of elements
- More derived ... more simple/efficient

Front 42

Dermatocranium is made from membrane (dermal) bone; what are the steps of forming membrane bone?

Back 42

Directly from mesenchyme (tissue-producing cells) to bone

Front 43

What are the three components of the dermatocranium?

Back 43

1) Upper Jaw
2) Primary Palate
3) Roofing Bones

Front 44

Which component of the dermatocranium is known to be paired?

Back 44

Upper jaw, exhibits bilateral symmetry

Front 45

What does the primary palate of the dermatocranium form?

Back 45

The roof of mouth (early verts--> early tetrapods)

Front 46

What does the roofing bones of the dermatocranium form?

Back 46

Roof over the brain

Front 47

What forms the upper jaw of the dermatocranium?

Back 47

- Premaxilla
- Maxilla
(both paired)

Front 48

What bones form the primary palate (roof of the mouth) ?

Back 48

Palatine (paired) and Ectopterygoid (paired)

Front 49

What are the three distinctive skull types (named such due to the temporal fossas/fenestras)?

Back 49

- Anapsid (no holes)
- Synapsid (one hole/side)
- Diapsid (two holes/side)

Front 50

Which type of vertebrates are anapsids?

Back 50

- Stem Reptiles

Front 51

Which type of vertebrates are synapsids?

Back 51

- Mammal lineage

Front 52

Which type of vertebrates are diapsids?

Back 52

- Bird lineage
- Dinosaurs
- Crocodiles

Front 53

Why do major fenestrae occur in the skull?

Back 53

Musculature anchor points attach through these holes, occurred as feeding mechanisms developed

Front 54

What are the roofing bones associated with fenestra?

Back 54

- Postorbital
- Jugal
- Squamosal

Front 55

What is the ancestral condition for temporal fossa/fenestra?

Back 55

Anapsid (no holes)

Front 56

What is the extinct skull type?

Back 56

Euryapsid - 1 hole separately evolved from synapsid - seen in marine reptiles

Front 57

There are three exceptions to the general anapsid/synapsid/diapsid trend, what are they?

Back 57

1) Euryapsid Condition (marine reptiles)
2) Turtles - no holes convergent on anapsid condition
3) Modified Diapsid - 1 very large hole seen in living squamate reptiles

Front 58

Why is the splanchnocranium called the "visceral" component of the composite skull?

Back 58

- Evolved feature
- Supports pharyngeal slits (gill slits)

Front 59

Splanchnocranium is made from what kind of bone? What does this mean?

Back 59

- Replacement Bone
- First forms a cartilage model

Front 60

Developmentally, what is splanchnocranium made of?

Back 60

Neural Crest Ectoderm

Front 61

Ancestrally, how many visceral arches are there?

Back 61

7 (although possibly more anterior arches could have existed)

Front 62

What kind of modifications to the ancestral visceral arches occurred?

Back 62

- Different ways of modification
- Fusion and loss of arch elements

Front 63

There are 5 pieces of the branchial arch per side, how many are paired? What are they called from dorsal to ventral?

Back 63

4 paired (P-E-C-H), 1 unpaired (B)
- Pharyngobranchial
- Epibranchial
- Ceratobranchial
- Hypobranchial
- Basibranchial

Front 64

From what visceral arches do jaws evolve?

Back 64

I and II

Front 65

What does the first visceral arch evolve to form specifically? (ancestral jaw, shark)

Back 65

Mandibular Arch
- Palatoquadrate (from epibranchial) = upper jaw
- Meckel's Cartilage (from ceratobranchial) = lower jaw

Front 66

What does the second visceral arch evolve to form specifically? (ancestral jaw, shark)

Back 66

Hyoid arch
- Hyomandibular (from epibranchial)
- Ceratohyal (from ceratobranchial)
- Basihyal (from basibranchial)

Front 67

What braces/suspends the jaw on the skull (ancestral jaw, shark)?

Back 67

Hyomandibular

Front 68

In the transition from sharks to bony fish, how are the palatoquadrate and meckel's cartilages altered?

Back 68

- Retained as cartilaginous rods, but surrounded by dermal bone
- Posterior pieces ossify to form "jaw joints"

Front 69

When the posterior pieces of the Palatoquadrate and Meckel's Cartilage ossify to form "jaw joints" what are they called on each piece?

Back 69

PQ = Quadrate
MC = Articular

Front 70

In the transition from sharks to bony fish, what occurs to the original "Arch II", hyoid arch?

Back 70

Forms many more pieces, most of which are lost in tetrapods

Front 71

In the transition from sharks to bony fish, what happens to visceral arches III-VII?

Back 71

They retain their ancestral condition

Front 72

Which elements of the jaw have dermal origins?

Back 72

- Upper Jaw, outside: Premaxilla, Maxilla
- Upper Jaw, inside: Palatine, Ectopterygoid
- Lower Jaw, outside: Dentary, Angular

Front 73

Which bones surround cartilage in the bony fish jaw? Which cartilage do they surround?

Back 73

- Premaxilla and Maxilla: Palatoquadrate
- Dentary and Angular: Meckel's Cartilage

Front 74

Which bones bare teeth in bony fish jaws?

Back 74

- Premaxilla and Maxilla
- Palatine, Ectopterygoid and Quadrate
- Dentary and Articular (NOT angular)

Front 75

Who is the first group of vertebrates to incorporate dermal bones into jaw joints?

Back 75

Mammal-like Reptiles

Front 76

What replaces the Quadrate and Articular components of the jaw joint in derived forms?

Back 76

Dermal bones

Front 77

In the synapsid lineage (to mammals), what is the evolutionary trend of the lower jaw?

Back 77

- Begin with double jaw joint (squamosal-dentary and quadrate-articular)
- Enlargement of dentary over time to replace articular
- Muscles of dentary enlarge
- Mammals begin chewing food
- Larger range of potential food
=> Single jaw joint in modern mammals (squamosal-dentary)

Front 78

In the diapsid lineage (to reptiles and birds), what is the evolutionary trend of the lower jaw?

Back 78

- Single jaw joint at quadrate-articular
- Supported by hyomandibular

Front 79

Are the jaw joints in synapsids and diapsids homologous? Why or why not?

Back 79

No
- Synapsids evolve a single jaw-joint at squamosal-dentary
- Diapsids evolve a single jaw-joint at quadrate-articular

Front 80

Synapsids (mammals) no longer utilize the Quadrate, Articular, or Hyomandibular in regards to jaw joints. What happened to these pieces?

Back 80

Involved in Ear Ossicles:
- Hyomandibular --> Columella --> Stapes
- Quadrate --> Incus
- Articular --> Malleus

Front 81

How did ear ossicles in mammals develop, from their origins (4 steps)?

Back 81

1) Visceral Arches I and II
2) Evolved to make Jaw: Palatoquadrate (PQ) and Meckel's Cartilage (MC) and Support: Hyomandibular (H)
3) H becomes Columella, PQ to Quadrate (Q), MC to Articular (A)
4) Jaw made up of only Squamosal-Dentary; Columella becomes Stapes, Q becomes Incus, A becomes Malleus

Front 82

In non-mammalian tetrapods, are there ear ossicles?

Back 82

The hyomandibula evolves into the columella, an "ear ossicle" for sound conduction.

Front 83

Malleus is a homolog of what?
Incus is a homolog of what?
Alishenoid is a homolog of what?

Back 83

Meckel's Cartilage
Palatoquadrate
Palatoquadrate

Front 84

What is homologous to the anterior horn of the hyoid?

Back 84

Ceratohyal (VA #2)

Front 85

What is homologous to the body of the hyoid?

Back 85

Basihyal (VA #2)

Front 86

What is homologous to the second, posterior horn of the hyoid?

Back 86

Epibranchial, Ceratobranchial, Hypobranchial of VA III(-IV?)

Front 87

What is the function of the hyoid apparatus in reptiles and birds?

Back 87

Skeletal sled for moving the tongue (not muscular, so can't move unaided)

Front 88

What is the function of the hyoid apparatus in other tetrapods (not reptiles and birds)?

Back 88

- Respiratory aid
- Anchor swallowing muscles
- Sound production

Front 89

What is the broad evolutionary pattern of the Visceral Arches?

Back 89

Support --> Jaws --> Varied but not directly aiding food processing

Front 90

What forms the roof of the mouth in sharks?

Back 90

Neurocranium

Front 91

What forms the roof of the mouth in bony vertebrates (not mammals)?

Back 91

Dermatocranium welded to neurocranium

Front 92

What forms the roof of the mouth in mammals?

Back 92

Dermatocranium (which is split into two to form a passageway for air while eating... upper dermatocranium fused to neurocranium)

Front 93

What are the two types of "eaters"? How do they differ?

Back 93

- Bolters - grab food and swallow whole - reptiles, birds, fish
- Chewers - masticators, food processed in mouth - mammals

Front 94

Why must reptiles, birds and fish exhibit the "bolting" style of eating, in that they must grab food and swallow whole?

Back 94

They are unable to chew food because they are unable to breathe while food is in their mouth... therefore need to swallow quickly

Front 95

What bones make up the primary palate?

Back 95

- Pterygoid
- Palatine
- Vomer

Front 96

Do chewers or bolters have secondary palates?

Back 96

Chewers; this allows them to have a separate passageway for air in addition to the food passageway

Front 97

How do mammals ensure food doesn't go down to the lungs?

Back 97

A fleshy gate (soft palate) prevents food from going to trachea

Front 98

What makes up the secondary palate?

Back 98

Hard palate (bony roof of mouth) and the soft palate (fleshy gate to trachea)

Front 99

What components make up the axial skeleton?

Back 99

- Skull
- Vertebrae
- Ribs

Front 100

What are the criteria to be considered part of the axial skeleton?

Back 100

- Oriented on long body axis
- Shares developmental origin in mesoderm

Front 101

What are the support structures in vertebrates?

Back 101

- Notochord - rod of non-mineralized tissue
- Vertebrae - repeating elements of cartilage and/or bone
- Skull - most ancestral component of axial skeleton

Front 102

What does serial homology refer to?

Back 102

Shared origin in ancestral array of repeating elements (ex: vertebrae)
- can be further classified as strict homologs

Front 103

What are the two types of "eaters"? How do they differ?

Back 103

- Bolters - grab food and swallow whole - reptiles, birds, fish
- Chewers - masticators, food processed in mouth - mammals

Front 104

Why must reptiles, birds and fish exhibit the "bolting" style of eating, in that they must grab food and swallow whole?

Back 104

They are unable to chew food because they are unable to breathe while food is in their mouth... therefore need to swallow quickly

Front 105

What bones make up the primary palate?

Back 105

- Pterygoid
- Palatine
- Vomer

Front 106

Do chewers or bolters have secondary palates?

Back 106

Chewers; this allows them to have a separate passageway for air in addition to the food passageway

Front 107

How do mammals ensure food doesn't go down to the lungs?

Back 107

A fleshy gate (soft palate) prevents food from going to trachea

Front 108

What makes up the secondary palate?

Back 108

Hard palate (bony roof of mouth) and the soft palate (fleshy gate to trachea)

Front 109

What components make up the axial skeleton?

Back 109

- Skull
- Vertebrae
- Ribs

Front 110

What are the criteria to be considered part of the axial skeleton?

Back 110

- Oriented on long body axis
- Shares developmental origin in mesoderm

Front 111

What are the support structures in vertebrates?

Back 111

- Notochord - rod of non-mineralized tissue
- Vertebrae - repeating elements of cartilage and/or bone
- Skull - most ancestral component of axial skeleton

Front 112

What does serial homology refer to?

Back 112

Shared origin in ancestral array of repeating elements (ex: vertebrae)
- can be further classified as strict homologs

Front 113

What are the two types of "eaters"? How do they differ?

Back 113

- Bolters - grab food and swallow whole - reptiles, birds, fish
- Chewers - masticators, food processed in mouth - mammals

Front 114

Why must reptiles, birds and fish exhibit the "bolting" style of eating, in that they must grab food and swallow whole?

Back 114

They are unable to chew food because they are unable to breathe while food is in their mouth... therefore need to swallow quickly

Front 115

What bones make up the primary palate?

Back 115

- Pterygoid
- Palatine
- Vomer

Front 116

Do chewers or bolters have secondary palates?

Back 116

Chewers; this allows them to have a separate passageway for air in addition to the food passageway

Front 117

How do mammals ensure food doesn't go down to the lungs?

Back 117

A fleshy gate (soft palate) prevents food from going to trachea

Front 118

What makes up the secondary palate?

Back 118

Hard palate (bony roof of mouth) and the soft palate (fleshy gate to trachea)

Front 119

What components make up the axial skeleton?

Back 119

- Skull
- Vertebrae
- Ribs

Front 120

What are the criteria to be considered part of the axial skeleton?

Back 120

- Oriented on long body axis
- Shares developmental origin in mesoderm

Front 121

What are the support structures in vertebrates?

Back 121

- Notochord - rod of non-mineralized tissue
- Vertebrae - repeating elements of cartilage and/or bone
- Skull - most ancestral component of axial skeleton

Front 122

What does serial homology refer to?

Back 122

Shared origin in ancestral array of repeating elements (ex: vertebrae)
- can be further classified as strict homologs

Front 123

What are the two types of "eaters"? How do they differ?

Back 123

- Bolters - grab food and swallow whole - reptiles, birds, fish
- Chewers - masticators, food processed in mouth - mammals

Front 124

Why must reptiles, birds and fish exhibit the "bolting" style of eating, in that they must grab food and swallow whole?

Back 124

They are unable to chew food because they are unable to breathe while food is in their mouth... therefore need to swallow quickly

Front 125

What bones make up the primary palate?

Back 125

- Pterygoid
- Palatine
- Vomer

Front 126

Do chewers or bolters have secondary palates?

Back 126

Chewers; this allows them to have a separate passageway for air in addition to the food passageway

Front 127

How do mammals ensure food doesn't go down to the lungs?

Back 127

A fleshy gate (soft palate) prevents food from going to trachea

Front 128

What makes up the secondary palate?

Back 128

Hard palate (bony roof of mouth) and the soft palate (fleshy gate to trachea)

Front 129

What components make up the axial skeleton?

Back 129

- Skull
- Vertebrae
- Ribs

Front 130

What are the criteria to be considered part of the axial skeleton?

Back 130

- Oriented on long body axis
- Shares developmental origin in mesoderm

Front 131

What are the support structures in vertebrates?

Back 131

- Notochord - rod of non-mineralized tissue
- Vertebrae - repeating elements of cartilage and/or bone
- Skull - most ancestral component of axial skeleton

Front 132

What does serial homology refer to?

Back 132

Shared origin in ancestral array of repeating elements (ex: vertebrae)
- can be further classified as strict homologs

Front 133

What are the two types of "eaters"? How do they differ?

Back 133

- Bolters - grab food and swallow whole - reptiles, birds, fish
- Chewers - masticators, food processed in mouth - mammals

Front 134

Why must reptiles, birds and fish exhibit the "bolting" style of eating, in that they must grab food and swallow whole?

Back 134

They are unable to chew food because they are unable to breathe while food is in their mouth... therefore need to swallow quickly

Front 135

What bones make up the primary palate?

Back 135

- Pterygoid
- Palatine
- Vomer

Front 136

Do chewers or bolters have secondary palates?

Back 136

Chewers; this allows them to have a separate passageway for air in addition to the food passageway

Front 137

How do mammals ensure food doesn't go down to the lungs?

Back 137

A fleshy gate (soft palate) prevents food from going to trachea

Front 138

What makes up the secondary palate?

Back 138

Hard palate (bony roof of mouth) and the soft palate (fleshy gate to trachea)

Front 139

What components make up the axial skeleton?

Back 139

- Skull
- Vertebrae
- Ribs

Front 140

What are the criteria to be considered part of the axial skeleton?

Back 140

- Oriented on long body axis
- Shares developmental origin in mesoderm

Front 141

What are the support structures in vertebrates?

Back 141

- Notochord - rod of non-mineralized tissue
- Vertebrae - repeating elements of cartilage and/or bone
- Skull - most ancestral component of axial skeleton

Front 142

What does serial homology refer to?

Back 142

Shared origin in ancestral array of repeating elements (ex: vertebrae)
- can be further classified as strict homologs

Front 143

What qualifies something as a "strict" homolog?

Back 143

Parts maintain the same place in the series as opposed to just being a member of a series (serial homolog)

Front 144

Where does the DHNC run through in a vertebrae? a blood vessel?

Back 144

DHNC --> Neural Arch
Blood vessel --> Hemal Arch

Front 145

What is the mineralized center of the vertebrae called?

Back 145

Vertebral body ("centrum")

Front 146

What is the boundary between body segments called? Where is it located in the vertebrae?

Back 146

Myoseptum
- located down middle of neural arches and hemal arches

Front 147

What is the "in pieces" vertebrae?
What is the "one piece" vertebrae?

Back 147

In pieces - Aspidospondyl
One piece - Holospondyl

Front 148

What 3 components make up the epimere?

Back 148

- Dermatome
- Sclerotome
- Myotome (muscle)

Front 149

What blocks the route of the nerve (DHNC) to the muscle?

Back 149

Epimere of somite (specifically sclerotome which forms the bony elements: vertebrae and ribs)

Front 150

How do the nerves avoid being blocked in order to innervate the muscles?

Back 150

Process of sclerotome dividing into two pieces and migrating in opposite directions to join adjacent half-piece; blocks of sclerotome located intersegmentally

Front 151

Why does the sclerotome (part of epimere which forms the vertebrae and ribs) divide into 2 pieces and migrate to form blocks intersegmentally?

Back 151

This allows the DHNC to innervate the muscles

Front 152

The ancestral form of vertebrae (cyclostomes) had what type of vertebral pattern?

Back 152

Prominent notochord with lateral neural cartilages to DHNC which may be homologous to vertebrae

Front 153

Sharks and Most Bony Fish (Actinopterygia) had what type of vertebral pattern?

Back 153

- Vertebral body surrounding notochord
- Neural and Hemal arches which may or may not have had spines
- Arch bases (neural and hemal) w/ calcified cartilage
- Rest of vertebrae cartilage (sharks) or bone (actinopterygia)

Front 154

What is the name of the neural arch base?
Hemal arch base?

Back 154

Pleurocentrum
Hypocentrum

Front 155

Who are the tetrapod ancestors (of fish)?

Back 155

Sarcopterygians (Lobe-Finned Fish)

Front 156

In Sarcopterygians and Chondrosti of Actinopterygians, how are the neural arch bases and hemal arch bases distinct?

Back 156

- 2 neural arch bases (w/ plugs of bone)
- large notochord
- 1 rounded hemal arch base
"Smiley Face Condition"

Front 157

How do the Sarcopterygians differ from the Earliest Tetrapods in respect to the vertebrae?

Back 157

- Single neural arch base rounded over top of large notochord
- Still a single hemal arch base

Front 158

Early amphibians (labyrinthondonts) had what kind of vertebral body?

Back 158

- Various designs in vertebral body (just hypocentrum, or 50:50 mix of hypocentrum and pleurocentrum)

Front 159

Early amniote vertebral bodies evolved to be what structurally?

Back 159

- Enlarged pleurocentrum
- Reduced hypocentrum

Front 160

Modern amniote vertebral bodies evolved to look like what?

Back 160

- Homologous to ancestral pleurocentrum
- Single piece, no hypocentrum

Front 161

Why are living amphibians a bit of a misnomer regarding their vertebral body type?

Back 161

There is only one piece but the homology is uncertain

Front 162

Who has an uncertain vertebral body type, unsure of homology?

Back 162

Living amphibians

Front 163

Humans have what type of vertebral body types?

Back 163

Only pleurocentric (two exceptions: atlas and axis retain hypocentrum)

Front 164

What is the first vertebrae? second vertebrae?

Back 164

1st - atlas
2nd - axis

Front 165

What is the order of kinds of vertebrae from head to tail?

Back 165

Cervical (atlas, axis)
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Caudal

Front 166

The bottom portion of the atlas is derived from what?

Back 166

- Hypocentrum of first in series of vertebrae

Front 167

The Odontoid Process of the Axis is derived from what?

Back 167

- Pleurocentrum of first in series of vertebrae (despite this being the 2nd vertebrae)

Front 168

In the evolution of the skull-vertebral articulation, what components are critical to look at?

Back 168

- Presence of neck
- Occipital condyles
- Atlas/Axis (how joint functions)

Front 169

In the articulation of the skull to vertebrae, what structures do fish have? What does this mean for movement?

Back 169

None (no neck, occipital condyles, or atlas/axis)
--> Inter-vertebral movement is limited

Front 170

In the articulation of the skull to vertebrae, what structures do early amphibians have? What does this mean for movement?

Back 170

Only a neck-through loss of certain elements (no occipital condyles or atlas/axis)
--> Inter-vertebral movement is limited

Front 171

In the articulation of the skull to vertebrae, what structures do living amphibians have? What does this mean for movement?

Back 171

Presence of neck and occipital condyles (no atlas/axis)
--> Up/Down hinge like motion

Front 172

In the articulation of the skull to vertebrae, what structures do amniotes have? What does this mean for movement?

Back 172

Presence of neck, occipital condyles, and atlas/axis
-->Rotation (ball & socket like motion)

Front 173

Vertebrate embryos look similar to cyclostomes in what respect?

Back 173

Formation of myotome in body segments
- myosepta separate muscle blocks and anchor them

Front 174

What are Myosepta?

Back 174

Sheets of tissue for muscle attachment; divide muscle blocks and anchor them

Front 175

Jawed fish have three divisions (up/down and left/right) which divide the body into 4 quadrants. What are the 3 lines called?

Back 175

Skeletogenous Septa (SS) - myosepta in frontal and sagittal planes
- Dorsal SS
- Horizontal SS
- Ventral SS

Front 176

What is the function of the three skeletogenous septa (myosepta) which break the jawed fish into 4 quadrants?

Back 176

More muscle attachment possible

Front 177

What are the developmental precursors for the rib components?

Back 177

- Sclerotome => Rib Head
- Horizontal SS => Dorsal Rib (Long Body)
- Myosepta and Walls of Coelom => Ventral Rib (Long Body)

Front 178

How do the rib heads form?

Back 178

Intersegmentally because sclerotome rearranges to be intersegmental

Front 179

How does the long bodies of ribs form?

Back 179

Segmentally because septae define segments

Front 180

Jawed and Bony Fish MAY have how many kinds of ribs?

Back 180

2 - dorsal and ventral

Front 181

What is the function of the ribs in Jawed and Bony Fish?

Back 181

Strengthens the myosepta (attachment of muscles)

Front 182

In the tail of jawed and bony fish, the ventral ribs fuse to form what?

Back 182

Hemal Arch - serial homolog of ventral ribs of trunk

Front 183

In most fish who only have one set of ribs, what is the location? What is the homology?

Back 183

Ventrally located around coelom (homologs of ventral ribs)
(Sharks, however, retain only the dorsal ribs)

Front 184

In comparing fish to tetrapods, who has larger muscle blocks dorsally? Who has a larger coelom? Who has more prominent ribs?

Back 184

Larger muscle blocks = fish
Larger coelom = tetrapods
More prominent ribs = tetrapods

Front 185

In tetrapods, only one set of ribs is maintained. What is the homology of these ribs?

Back 185

Homologous to ancestral dorsal ribs; still sent ventrally around coelom

Front 186

In the ancestral tetrapod, how do ribs articulate with vertebrae?

Back 186

- Tuberculum articulates with Neural Arch
- Capitulum articulates with Parapophysis on Hypocentrum

Front 187

In derived tetrapods, how do the ribs articulate with vertebrae?

Back 187

- Tuburculum still articulates with Neural Arch
- Capitulum no longer articulates with Hypocentrum (lost feature); 3 possibilities:
1) between vertebral bodies
2) w/ pleurocentrum and intervertebral joint
3) with just pleurocentrum

Front 188

Who has the structure of the Sternum?

Back 188

All tetrapods except for ancestral amphibians

Front 189

How do lungs form?

Back 189

Outpockets of endoderm which never reached outside to become pharyngeal slits

Front 190

Amniote ribs are called what?

Back 190

Costal rib (more dorsal, articulates with vertebrae)
Sternal rib (more ventral, articulates with sternum)

Front 191

What are the ancestral functions of ribs?

Back 191

- Locomotion (attachment of muscles)
- Protection of gut/coelom
(Functions retained in derived amniotes)

Front 192

What are the derived functions of ribs in amniotes?

Back 192

Respiration
- Contraction of rib muscles compresses lungs to expel air
- Costal ribs and sternal ribs and sternum all articulate to form a basket

Front 193

How does the Pectoral Girdle differ in ancestral vertebrates compared to derived vertebrates?

Back 193

Ancestral - mainly dermal bones (weak support for appendages)
Derived - mainly replacement bones (strong support for appendages)

Front 194

How do dermal bones and replacement bones differ?

Back 194

- Dermal - weaker, superficial (outer body wall), lots of spongy bone
- Replacement - stronger, deeper in body, lots of compact bone

Front 195

In the ancestral arrangement of the pectoral girdle, what elements were dermal, what were replacement?

Back 195

Dermal x4: Posttemporal, Supracleithrum, Cleithrum, Clavicle
Replacement x3: Suprascapula, Scapula, "Coracoid"

Front 196

In the sarcopterygian ancestor (early tetrapod), what changes occurred to the pectoral sling from the ancestral form? What was the impact?

Back 196

- Lost Posttemporal bone (dermal)
- Gained Interclavicle (dermal)
- Some what of a neck formed

Front 197

In amniotes, which bones are retained? Which are sometimes retained?

Back 197

Clavicle and Scapula
Sometimes: Interclavicle, Coracoid, Suprascapula

Front 198

What bones of the mammal pectoral sling are retained?

Back 198

Clavicle and Scapula (although cats do not have a clavicle)
- Postcoracoid is fused to scapula and called coracoid process

Front 199

Why do cats lack a clavicle?

Back 199

When they pounce there is a lot of stress on the clavicle, this was commonly injured, therefore it was evolved to be gone

Front 200

Who has the best evolved clavicles? Why?

Back 200

Birds - clavicles fuse at interclavicle to form a "wishbone"

Front 201

Is the Coracoid labeled in mammals homologous to that found in reptiles and birds?

Back 201

No; in mammals it is the post-coracoid (coracoid process)

Front 202

What is the function of the sternum in birds?

Back 202

Large "keel" for attachment of flight muscles

Front 203

What is the function of the replacement bone "cage" in birds? What bones make up this cage?

Back 203

Distributes force generated by wing downbeat
- Scapula, Humerus, Costal Rib, Sternal Rib

Front 204

Wishbone is made of what kind of bone? Why is this necessary?

Back 204

Dermal bone
- provides elastic/springy properties which is needed b/c it flexes during flight

Front 205

Which component of pectoral slings is found in ALL vertebrates with limbs?

Back 205

Scapula

Front 206

What is the function of the scapula?

Back 206

Support of forelimbs
- Articulates with humerus at glenoid fossa

Front 207

What is the term for the pelvic girdle in most fish? in sharks?
What is the known homology of these structures?

Back 207

- Fish - pelvic plates (homology unknown)
- Sharks - transverse bar (anterior side-pubis, posterior side-ischium)

Front 208

How do tetrapod pelvic girdles differ from the transverse bar of sharks?

Back 208

Addition of the ilium, creating a socket for femur articulation

Front 209

In mammals, the ilium, ischium, and pubis fuse to form what?

Back 209

Innominate bone

Front 210

All ossified elements of the pelvis are what type of bone?

Back 210

Replacement bone

Front 211

What are the three theories for the development of appendages?

Back 211

1) Fin-Fold (most accessible theory)
2) Gill-Arch
3) Fin-Spine

Front 212

What happens in the Fin-Fold theory?

Back 212

Long caudal and ventrolateral fins are continuous down body; eliminate parts of fold to make paired structures; folds are localized along body

Front 213

What is the essence of the Gill-Arch theory?

Back 213

Paired appendages form from Visceral Arches (far-fetched)

Front 214

What is the essence of the Fin-Spine theory?

Back 214

Paired appendages evolve from spines

Front 215

How are Sarcopterygian (Lobe-finned fish) homologous to early tetrapod libs?

Back 215

Substantial skeletal bones found in the fleshy lobe of the sarcopterygians which match up nicely with early tetrapod skeletal bones

Front 216

In the modification of the actopterygian fin, how do derived limb skeletal elements evolve from the ancestral fin?

Back 216

- 2 Axials --> Humerus and Ulna
- 1 Radial --> Radius

Front 217

How are Sarcopterygian (Lobe-finned fish) homologous to early tetrapod libs?

Back 217

Substantial skeletal bones found in the fleshy lobe of the sarcopterygians which match up nicely with early tetrapod skeletal bones

Front 218

In the modification of the actopterygian fin, how do derived limb skeletal elements evolve from the ancestral fin?

Back 218

- 2 Axials --> Humerus and Ulna
- 1 Radial --> Radius

Front 219

What is the often misleading naming convention for muscles?

Back 219

Based on human/bipedal anatomy, therefore structure usually atypical for most vertebrates

Front 220

What are other naming conventions for muscles (besides being based on human anatomy)?

Back 220

- Named after functional components (muscle attachments, origin/insertion)
- Named after developmental pattern

Front 221

Which part of the muscle is the anchor and does not move? Which corresponds to the action and moves?

Back 221

Anchor = Origin
Action = Insertion

Front 222

What are the 4 muscle groups?

Back 222

1) Axial (moves axial skeleton)
2) Appendicular (moves limbs)
3) Branchiomeric (moves visceral arches)
4) Smooth (moves involuntary, gut, structures)

Front 223

What are the 3 types of muscle?

Back 223

1) Striated
2) Cardiac
3) Smooth

Front 224

What type of muscle forms the bulk of the muscles? List 3 other characteristics?

Back 224

Striated
- blocks of striped muscle fibers
- rapid contraction
- voluntary, under control of CNS

Front 225

What are muscle fibers composed of?

Back 225

Actin and Myosin proteins which slide past one another (contraction = completely overlapped)

Front 226

How is Cardiac Muscle distinct from Striated muscle?

Back 226

- Found only in the heart
- Strips form networks (braided to strengthen)
- Self-Stimulating (due to pacemaker)
- Still has rapid contractions

Front 227

Where are Smooth Muscles found? How are they characterized?

Back 227

Visceral (gut wall)
- thin sheets
- no actin/myosin stripes
- involuntary

Front 228

What are the five embryonic sources of muscle?

Back 228

Mesoderm
1) Myotome (of epimere)
2) Dermatome (of epimere)
3) Somatic Hypomere
4) Visceral Hypomere
Ectoderm
5) Neural Crest

Front 229

Which of the embryonic sources of muscle is the most striated (dorsal or ventral)?

Back 229

Myotome

Front 230

Which of the embryonic sources of muscle makes a few striated limb muscles?

Back 230

Dermatome

Front 231

Which of the embryonic sources of muscle makes the majority of striated limb muscles?

Back 231

Somatic Hypomere

Front 232

Which of the embryonic sources of muscle makes the smooth gut muscles?

Back 232

Visceral Hypomere

Front 233

Which of the embryonic sources of muscle makes the muscles of the branchial (visceral) arches? What group of muscles is this?

Back 233

Neural Crest
Branchiomeric Muscles

Front 234

Embryonically, what is the somite responsible for?

Back 234

- Contributes to both dorsal and ventral muscles (ventral --> limb)
- Begins dorsally in somites, fibers migrate ventrally

Front 235

Why are muscle systems segmented embryonically (note: segments may disappear later in development or evolution)?

Back 235

- Basic segmented pattern of somites imposed on muscle systems

Front 236

What are muscle blocks called?

Back 236

Myomeres

Front 237

In the analogy of hamburger meat separated by wax sheets, what is the meat? the wax sheets?

Back 237

Meat = muscle
Wax Sheets = myosepta

Front 238

What happens to segmentation in amniotes?

Back 238

Begins to disappear, some muscles now extend over body segments

Front 239

Why must muscles work in pairs? Which "muscles" do this?

Back 239

Each action must be undone by opposing muscle
- Epaxials
- Hypaxials
(work in opposition to each other)

Front 240

Which type of muscle is above the horizontal skeletogenous septa? Which is below?

Back 240

Epaxials = dorsal
Hypaxials = ventral

Front 241

What happens to the epaxials and hypaxials in tetrapods (land vertebrates)?

Back 241

- Hypaxials are greatly reduced in mass due to enlarged coelom

Front 242

How do epaxial muscles appear in tetrapods?

Back 242

Long strap-like muscles, located dorsally

Front 243

The hypaxial muscles in tetrapods are divided into what 3 categories?

Back 243

- Dorsal
- Lateral
- Ventral

Front 244

What is significant about the dorsal segment of the hypaxials? What is their common name?

Back 244

"Subvertebrals"
- Persist in all tetrapods
- Oppose action of epaxials
- Function in locomotion/movement

Front 245

What is significant about the lateral segment of the hypaxials? What is their common name?

Back 245

"Parietals"
- Persists in all tetrapods
- Don't oppose epaxials
- Function in movement and breathing (lateral to ribs)
- Form wall that protects gut
- Depresses thoracic cavity to aid breathing (expulsion of air)
- Supports limbs via contribution to pectoral girdle

Front 246

What is significant about the ventral hypaxials? What is the common name of them?

Back 246

"Abdominals"
- Segmented pattern of abdomine muscles --> Ancestral primitive condition

Front 247

What does the lateral hypaxials in mammals evolve to become?

Back 247

Diaphragm = larger role in respiration; lowers the floor of the thoracic cavity to re-fill lungs

Front 248

How do the lateral hypaxials contribute to the pectoral sling?

Back 248

- Rhomboideus (R) Origin: Vertebrae, Insertion: Scapula
- Serratus Ventralis (SV) Origin: Rib, Insertion: Scapula
- Support pectoral girdle via contribution to pectoral sling

Front 249

Which muscles exhibit the ancestral primitive condition in derived tetrapods?

Back 249

Ventral Hypaxials ("abdominals")

Front 250

What are the general evolutionary trends of the appendicular muscles?

Back 250

- Evolve in concert with limbs (bones enlarge, so do muscles)
- Main muscles for locomotion in tetrapods (unlike in fish, which rely on epaxials and hypaxials)

Front 251

What is meant by "Extrinsic" Appendicular Muscles?

Back 251

- Origin is on axial skeletal
- Origin is NOT on limb/girdle

Front 252

What is meant by "Intrinsic" Appendicular Muscles?

Back 252

- Origin is on limb/girdle

Front 253

In appendicular muscles, what is the naming convention based on?

Back 253

Origin of muscle; not insertion

Front 254

What is the difference between "secondary" and "primary" appendicular muscles?

Back 254

- Secondary - myotome of somite originates dorsally and migrates ventrally to limb
- Primary - muscle precursors in limb, not somite

Front 255

Can Secondary muscle be extrinsic, intrinsic, or both?

Back 255

- Only Extrinsic (origin is outside limb on axial skeleton)

Front 256

Can Primary muscle be extrinsic, intrinsic, or both?

Back 256

Both
- Intrinsic - development began in limb; origin in limb
- Extrinsic - development began in limb; fibers migrate out of limb and establish origin outside limb

Front 257

Extrinsic appendicular muscle can be what kinds?

Back 257

- Secondary
- Primary
(functional origin always OUTSIDE limb)

Front 258

Intrinsic appendicular muscle can be what kinds?

Back 258

- ONLY Primary
- Secondary doesn't exist
(functional origin INSIDE limb)

Front 259

What is the general evolution of the latissimus dorsi from amphibians to mammals?

Back 259

- Amphibian: origin on epaxials, insertion on humerus
- Reptile: origin on several vertebrae, insertion on humerus
- Mammal: origin on many vertebrae, insertion on humerus
(EXPAND attachment site to stand erect on land)

Front 260

Which animal has the largest latissimus dorsi?

Back 260

Horse - used for contraction to remove pesky parasites and fleas

Front 261

Myotome characteristically arises how?

Back 261

As blocks of muscles

Front 262

There are three groups of myotome segments in the head region. What are they?

Back 262

- Pre-Otic Segments (move eye)
- Epibranchials (move neck)
- Hypobranchials (move jaw ancestrally, move tongue via hyoid derived)

Front 263

Which block of myotome segments is found between the eye and the otic capsule? What is this broken down into?

Back 263

Pre-Otic Segments
- 3 groups:
1) 4 muscles
2) 1 muscle
3) 1 muscle

Front 264

Which block of myotome segments is found caudal to the otic capsule on the dorsal side? What is its function?

Back 264

Epibranchials (4 segments)
- move neck

Front 265

Which block of myotome segments is found caudal to the otic capsule on the ventral side? What is its function?

Back 265

Hypobranchials (4 segments)
- move jaw (ancestral function)
- move tongue via hyoid (derived function)

Front 266

Why are the Pre-Otic Segments of myotome divided into 3 groups?

Back 266

There are 3 different nerves which innervate the different groups.

Front 267

What is the function of the branchiomeric muscles?

Back 267

- Rarely for locomotion
- Eating: Filter-Feeding or Jawed Feeding
- Support: Pectoral Sling

Front 268

What type of muscles are epibranchials and hypobranchials?

Back 268

Myotome muscles NOT to be confused with Branchiomeric muscles

Front 269

What does an adductor do?

Back 269

Brings something closer to the midline of the body

Front 270

What does an abductor do?

Back 270

Brings something away from the midline of the body

Front 271

What type of muscle(s) are involved in opening or straightening?

Back 271

Levator or Constrictor

Front 272

In the shark, which three branchiomeric/myotome muscles are involved or surrounding the movement of the first visceral arch (jaw)?

Back 272

- Dorsal Constrictor (branchiomeric)
- Coracomandibularis (myotome)
- Adductor Mandibulae (branchiomeric)

Front 273

In non-mammalian tetrapods, all muscles involved in the first visceral arch are branchiomeric. What 3 muscles are involved?

Back 273

- Columella
- Adductor Mandibulae
- Depressor Mandibulae

Front 274

In mammals, what branchiomeric muscles are involved in moving the first visceral arch (jaw)?

Back 274

- Temporalis
- Masseter
- Pterygoideus
- Digastric

Front 275

In sharks, which muscle is responsible for lowering the jaw?
Raising the jaw?

Back 275

Lower = coracomandibularis
Raise = adductor mandibulae

Front 276

In non-mammalian tetrapods, which muscle is responsible for raising the jaw? Lowering the jaw?

Back 276

Raise = Adductor Mandibulae
Lower = Depressor Mandibulae

Front 277

In mammals, which muscles are responsible for raising the jaw? Lowering the jaw?

Back 277

Raise = Temporalis, Masseter, Pterygoideus
Lower = Digastric

Front 278

Why do mammals have more muscles involved in controlling the 1st visceral arch (jaw)?

Back 278

- More different muscles provides more control of jaws (chewing)

Front 279

In mammals what is unique about the digastric?

Back 279

Composite of VA I and VA II muscles

Front 280

What happens to the ventral constrictor (branchiomeric muscle) through evolution from fish to non-mammalian tetrapods to mammals?

Back 280

- Fish = inserts on gills, works gills
- Non-Mammalian Tetrapod = inserts on hyoid, works hyoid "Hyoid apparatus"
- Mammals = inserts on jaws, works lower jaw to lower it, "Digastric muscle"

Front 281

What happens to the dorsal constrictor (a branchiomeric muscle) through evolution from fish to amphibian to reptile to mammal to primate?

Back 281

- Fish = Interhyoideus, works operculum (uncovers gills, appears to smile)
- Amphibian = Sphincter Colli, small
- Reptile = Sphincter Colli, large
- Mammal = Sphincter Colli and Platysma
- Primate = Platysma ("mimetic muscles")

Front 282

What happens to the hyomandibula (VAII epibranchials)?

Back 282

- Columella ear ossicle (non-mammalian tetrapods)
- Stapes ear ossicle (mammals)

Front 283

What happens to the dorsal levator of VAII?

Back 283

Goes with hyomandibula to the ear; origin on wall of inner ear, insertion on ear ossicle

Front 284

What is the name for the dorsal levator of VAII when it has migrated to its new position in the ear?

Back 284

Stapedial muscle

Front 285

Which muscle involuntarily contracts to save the inner ear and hair cell damage when there is a loud noise?

Back 285

Dorsal Levator (Stapedial muscle)

Front 286

What are the homologous structures of the trapezius complez in the ancestor, fish, and tetrapods?

Back 286

- Ancestor: VAIII-VAVII: Levators (dorsal and ventral)
- Fish: Cucullaris
- Tetrapods: Trapezius complex

Front 287

What is the function of the cucullaris in fish?

Back 287

- Expands pharynx for eating or breathing (homolog of trapezius)

Front 288

What is the function of the trapezius complex in tetrapods?

Back 288

Supports limbs via pectoral sling

Front 289

What four muscles are involved in the pectoral sling?

Back 289

- Trapeizius (vertebrae-->scapula)
- Rhomboideus (vertebrae-->scapula)
- Serratus Ventralis (ribs-->scapula
- Pectoralis (sternum-->humerus)

Front 290

What kind of muscle is the trapezius? Rhomboideus? Serratus Ventralis? Pectoralis?

Back 290

Branchiomeric
Lateral Hypaxials
Lateral Hypaxials
Myotome

Front 291

The muscles involved in the pectoral sling all have origins where?

Back 291

Outside of the limb (extrinsic) (all secondary)

Front 292

What is the pelvic sling?

Back 292

No such thing, fused to sacrum/vertebrae

Front 293

What is blood composed of?

Back 293

- Plasma (fluid medium)
- "Formed Elements" (rbc and wbc)

Front 294

What is the designation for oxygen rich blood? Oxygen poor blood?

Back 294

Rich = red
Poor = blue

Front 295

What distinguishes arteries from veins?

Back 295

Arteries - thick, muscular walls - blood from heart
Veins - thin walls with 1-way valves - blood to heart

Front 296

What are capillaries?

Back 296

Bed of 1 cell thick blood vessels used for gas exchange

Front 297

Where is there active regulation of bloodflow?

Back 297

Cappilary beds via precapillary sphincters

Front 298

Why are artery walls so much thicker than veinous walls?

Back 298

Arteries feel the pulses of blood from the heart; wall needs to be strong enough to contain pressure

Front 299

How do veins get blood back to the heart?

Back 299

Adjacent musculature squeezes thin walls of veins to return blood to the heart passively (hence the need for 1-way valves)

Front 300

What causes a blush?

Back 300

Precapillary sphincters relax allowing more blood to be released at surface

Front 301

What distinguishes an open circulation system from a closed system?

Back 301

Open: blood cells leave plumbing on way back to heart; enter spaces between organs

Front 302

What distinguishes a closed circulation system from an open system?

Back 302

Closed: blood never leaves plumbing, always enclosed by vessels; veins on way back to heart

Front 303

Vertebrates can have which types of circulation?

Back 303

ONLY closed circulation

Front 304

What are the channels for blood in soft organs?

Back 304

Sinusoids

Front 305

What are the special structures in the closed circulatory system?

Back 305

Sinusoids
Lymph Channels

Front 306

Where are sinusoids found?

Back 306

Liver, Kidney, etc.

Front 307

What are the vessels that carry white blood cells?

Back 307

Lymph Channels

Front 308

What is the function of the lymph channels?

Back 308

Immune response
Waste elimination

Front 309

What is the term for the maintenance of constant internal environment?

Back 309

Homeostasis

Front 310

What are three key components of homeostasis balance?

Back 310

- Heat regulation
- Waste elimination
- Gas exchange - respiration

Front 311

What trend occurs in regards to the circulatory system evolutionarily?

Back 311

- More derived = increased metabolism
- More O2 delivery to meet metabolic needs

Front 312

What are the two types of veins? Where do they take blood?

Back 312

- Systemic - dump blood into heart
- Portal - dump blood into organ

Front 313

What are the veins that transport blood between the gut and the liver?

Back 313

Hepatic Portal Veins

Front 314

What is the name of the vein that takes blood from the liver to the hear?

Back 314

Hepatic Systemic Vein

Front 315

What is the name of the vein that takes blood to the kidneys?

Back 315

Renal Portal Vein

Front 316

What is the name of the vein that takes blood from the kidneys to the heart?

Back 316

Renal Systemic Vein

Front 317

What are the two closed-circulation circuits?

Back 317

1) Single-Circuit Circulation
2) Double-Circuit Circulation

Front 318

What type of circulatory circuit occurs in ancestral vertebrates? What is the site of O2 uptake?

Back 318

Single-Circuit: Gills

Front 319

What type of circulatory circuit occurs in derived vertebrates? What is the site of O2 uptake?

Back 319

Double-Circuit: Lungs

Front 320

Which "hybrid" animal has both a single-circuit and a double-circuit circulation?

Back 320

Lungfish

Front 321

What is the route of blood in the single-circuit circulation, beginning at the heart?

Back 321

Heart--> Gills--> Capillary Beds--> Heart

Front 322

Why do single-circuit circulation organisms have lower metabolic rates?

Back 322

- Low blood pressure in the blood going to the body (O2 rich)... slow

Front 323

What is an advantage of the single-circuit circulation?

Back 323

All blood goes to gills and gets oxygenated

Front 324

What is the path of the blood in the double-circuit circulation starting at the heart?

Back 324

Heart--> Lungs--> Heart--> Capillary Beds (body)--> Heart

Front 325

What is the advantage of the double-circuit circulation?

Back 325

Oxygen rich blood goes to the heart to be pumped with high pressure to the body (allows increase in metabolism)

Front 326

What is confusing about the double-circuit circulation?

Back 326

Not sure how it was evolved

Front 327

What is the ancestral circulation flow (before single or double-circuits)?

Back 327

Heart--> O2 poor blood flows ventrally (ventral aorta)--> Pharynx--> blood flows ventral to dorsal picks up O2 at arch--> O2 rich blood flows dorsally (dorsal aorta)

Front 328

In embryos, what is the name for the yolk circuit?

Back 328

Vitelline Circuit

Front 329

How many aortas are there initially in the macrolecithal embryonic circulation?

Back 329

4 total: pair of ventral aortas and pair of dorsal aortas

Front 330

In the second stage of macrolecithal embryonic circulation, how many aortas are there?

Back 330

- Single ventral
- Paired dorsal
3 total

Front 331

How many aortas are there embryonically past the egg sac vessels?

Back 331

- Single dorsal aorta (paired dorsal aortas fused behind the pharynx)
- No ventral aortas

Front 332

What is the purpose of the vitelline vein and artery?

Back 332

To go to yolk and distribute nourishment

Front 333

How many cardinal veins are there embryonially?

Back 333

3
- anterior cardinal
- common cardinal (connects cardinals to heart)
- posterior cardinal

Front 334

What do the internal carotids stem off of?

Back 334

Single ventral aorta splits into two internal carotids (located laterally)

Front 335

What do the external carotids do?

Back 335

Located ventrally, flow forward and go to EXTERNAL location

Front 336

Which carotid is homologous to ancestral paired dorsal aortas and takes O2 rich blood to the head?

Back 336

Internal Carotids

Front 337

Which carotids are homologous to the ancestral paired ventral aortas and takes O2 poor blood to the mouth?

Back 337

External Carotids