Cva Lecture Exam 2

Front 1

what bones make up the mandibular series

Back 1

o dentary
o splenials
o angular
o surangular
o prearticular
o coronoids
o mandibular symphysis

Front 2

what bones make up the palatal series (primary palate)

Back 2

o pterygoid
o vomer
o palatine
o ectopterygoid
o parasphenoid

Front 3

what bones make up the vault series (roofing bones)

Back 3

o postparietal (interparietal)
o parietal (parietal foramen)

Front 4

what bones make up the temporal series (temporal notch fenestrae aka: hole)

Back 4

o intertemporal
o supratemporal
o tabular
o squamosal
o quadratojugal

Front 5

what bones make up the orbital series

Back 5

o lacrimal
o prefrontal
o postfrontal
o postorbital
o jugal

Front 6

what bones make up the facial series

Back 6

o maxilla
o premaxilla
o nasal
o septomaxilla

Front 7

osteoblast function

Back 7

produce new bone cells

Front 8

osteoclast function

Back 8

breakdown bone for the formation of new bone

Front 9

bone is a tissue consisting of: _________,___________,__________,and
___________, which are housed in lacunae that are connected by _________________.

Back 9

collagen, hydroxyapatite crystals, cementing substance and osteocytes

canaliculi

Front 10

tendons attach

Back 10

mm to bone

Front 11

ligaments attach

Back 11

bone to bone

Front 12

define heterotropic bones and give 2 examples

Back 12

bones that form in miscellaneous places by endochondral or intramembranous ossification. Ex. bacula (penis bone) or Os cordis bones (in the heart)

Front 13

3 functions of the skull

Back 13

protects/supports the brain
cools the brain via nasal passages which dissipate heat
it functions as part of the feeding system

Front 14

2 types of water feeding

Back 14

suctiona dn suspension

Front 15

2 types of air feeding

Back 15

lingual (tongue feeding)
and prehension (lip feeding)

Front 16

splanchnocranium is derived from:

Back 16

neural crest cells

Front 17

dermatocranium attributes to:

Back 17

skin elements

Front 18

Chondrocranium is made from:

Back 18

cartilage

Front 19

how many branchial arches are present in the skeletons of primitive vertebrates

Back 19

7

Front 20

what is the 1st branchial arch referred to?

Back 20

the mandibular arch

Front 21

what is the 2nd branchial arch referred to?

Back 21

hyoid arch or bone

Front 22

what is the function of branchial arches in fish?

Back 22

gill support system

Front 23

what are the 3 types of contribution to the skull make up?

Back 23

splanchnocranium, dermatocranium and chondrocranium

Front 24

what is an anapsid skull?
ex?

Back 24

one with no holes except for the orbit
turtle

Front 25

what is characteristic of a diapsid skull?

Back 25

2 temporal fenestrae

Front 26

what type of vertebrates have an synapsid skull and what is it?

Back 26

only has one fenestrae or opening other than the orbit and it occurs in mammals

Front 27

Define cranial kinesis:
What is it's function?

Back 27

movememt between the upper jaw and the braincase

it provides a way to change the size and configuration of the mouth during feeding

Front 28

define metakinesis

Back 28

when cranial kinesis occurs with movement located at the very back of the neurocranium

Front 29

define mesokinesis

Back 29

when cranial kinesis occurs with the hinge just behind the orbit

Front 30

define prokinesis

Back 30

when cranial kinesis occurs with the hinge just in front of the eye

Front 31

define spreptostyly

Back 31

the ability to relocate the lower jaw

Front 32

choana is aka:

Back 32

internal naris

Front 33

the lateral line system in fish is part of the _______ __________ ________

Back 33

aquatic sensory system

Front 34

bones of the jaw articulation derived from what bones?

Back 34

those of the middle ear

Front 35

In tetrapod skulls the only articulation is with what bone?

Back 35

quadrate

Front 36

In tetrapods is the hyomandibula associated with jaw suspension?

Back 36

no

Front 37

where does the malleus bone originate from?

Back 37

articular bone

Front 38

where does the incus bone originate from?

Back 38

quadrate bone

Front 39

where does the stapes bone originate from?

Back 39

the hyomandibula

Front 40

what are the 5 major functions of the axial skeleton?

Back 40

1) define the long axis of the vertebrate body
2)offers site for mm attachemnt
3)prevents telescoping of the body
4)supports much of the body weight
5)is important in locomotion

Front 41

3 major components of the axial skeleton

Back 41

braincase
notochord
vertebral column

Front 42

the neural arch serves what function

Back 42

to protect the notochord

Front 43

the hemal arch serves what function

Back 43

to protect the blood vessels

Front 44

what gives rise to the vertebrae

Back 44

scleratome

Front 45

which is phylogenetically older the notochord or the vertebral column

Back 45

the notochord

Front 46

if the centra are absent this is referred to as:

Back 46

aspondyly

Front 47

if one centra is present per vertebral segment

Back 47

monospondyly

Front 48

if 2 centra a present per vertebral segment

Back 48

diplospondyly

Front 49

if more than 2 centra are present per vertebral segement

Back 49

polyspondyly

Front 50

centra that are flat on the front or anterior side are:

Back 50

acoelous

Front 51

centra that have a concave front:

Back 51

procoelous

Front 52

centra that have a concave back

Back 52

opisthocoelous

Front 53

centra that are concave on both ends

Back 53

amphocoelous

Front 54

saddle shaped centra are called

Back 54

heteroceolous

Front 55

an articular process on a vertebrae is referred to as:

Back 55

an apophyses

Front 56

these 2 structures on the vertebrae articulate with the ribs

Back 56

diapophyses
parapophyses

Front 57

the place where 2 vertebra articulate together

Back 57

zygapophyses

Front 58

what are gastralia

Back 58

rib like projections that are part of the axial skeleton and function to cover the abdominal region

Front 59

C1 is aka:
what motion is it associated with?

Back 59

atlas
nodding "yes-yes"

Front 60

C2 is aka:
what motion is it associated with?

Back 60

axis
turning the head "no-no"

Front 61

how many cervical verts in mammals

Back 61

7

Front 62

what distinguishing feature can be found on only cervical verts

Back 62

transverse foramina

Front 63

costal facets on ribs attach to what

Back 63

ribs

Front 64

true ribs attach where

Back 64

to sternum via their own cartilages

Front 65

false ribs attach where

Back 65

to the costal cartilage of true ribs

Front 66

floating ribs attach where

Back 66

nowhere but they do have costal cartilage

Front 67

how many vertebra form the sacrum and what is its function

Back 67

5 and it serves as stability and attachment for the hindlimbs

Front 68

what determines the type of tail a fish can have

Back 68

its vertebra

Front 69

what makes up the appendiculat skeleton

Back 69

the pelvic and pectoral girdles and the skeleton of the fins or appendages

Front 70

T/F the appendicular skeleton is represented well in the fossil record

Back 70

true

Front 71

what types of tissue composes the pectoral girdle?

Back 71

dermal and endochondral bones

Front 72

what 2 bones are the replacement bones or are considered endochondral in the pectoral girdle?

the remaining bones are considered__________ in origin

Back 72

coracoid and scapula

dermal

Front 73

the pelvic girdle si composed of what derivation of connective tissue

Back 73

endochondral bone

Front 74

what 3 bones form the inominate bone of the pelvic girdle

Back 74

ilium
ischium
pelvis

Front 75

mm attachment must occur where and via what?

Back 75

over a joint and via a tendon

Front 76

define origin:
usually occurs more_____

Back 76

stationary attachment

proximal

Front 77

define insertion:
usually occurs more______

Back 77

attachment that moves and usually pulls toward the origin

distal

Front 78

extrinsic definition

Back 78

when the origin is on the axial skeleton and it inserts on a girdle or limb (a mm that is located in one area and causes movement in another area anatomically)

Front 79

intrinsic definition

Back 79

origin is on the girdle or limb with more distal insertion on the limb (mm are located in the region in which they cause movement)

Front 80

sphincter definition

Back 80

mm that is circular

Front 81

define the following:

agonist:
antagonist:
synergist;

Back 81

prime mover

reverses initial mm movement

helper mm for either but usually not both

Front 82

3 criteria for establishing mm homology

Back 82

attachment
embryonic pattern
innervation

Front 83

3 sources of mm tissue or embryonic origin of mm

Back 83

mesenchyme
hypomere
paraxial mesoderm (epimere)

Front 84

somite can be divided into:

Back 84

epimere and hypomere
OR
dermatome, myotome, and scleratome

Front 85

myotome can be divided into:
which occur on which side?

Back 85

epaxial(dorsal) and hypaxial (ventral)

Front 86

The mm system can be divided into_____&_______

Back 86

cranial and post-cranial

Front 87

the post-cranial mm can be divided into

Back 87

axial & appendicular

Front 88

the cranial skeleton can be divided into

Back 88

branchiomeric and hypobrachial

Front 89

in fish the myotomes are divided by_______

Back 89

myosepta

Front 90

epipaxial and hypaxial mm areas in the fish are divided by a ________ _______ _________

Back 90

horizontal skeletogenous septum (except in jawless fish)

Front 91

what mm are used for propulsion by the fish?

Back 91

axial mm

Front 92

in amphibians the epaxial musculature is called:

Back 92

dorsalis trunci

Front 93

in amphibians the hypaxial musculature is called the

Back 93

abdominal musculature

Front 94

in reptiles the epaxial musculature is called:

Back 94

groups (transversospinalis, longissimus and iliocostalis)

Front 95

in reptiles the hypaxial musculature is called:

Back 95

abdominal, intercostal and neck mm

Front 96

in tetrapods the axial musculature varies with what?

Back 96

the degree of development of the limbs

Front 97

in the tetrapod pectoral sling the trapezius is the homologue of what 4 mm

Back 97

serratus ventralis
rhomboideus
cucullaris
pectoralis

Front 98

which region in the tetrapod has a sling? pelvic or pectoral?

Back 98

pectoral

Front 99

pectoralis function in aves

Back 99

adduction of wing

Front 100

coracoidues function in aves

Back 100

abduction of wing

Front 101

branchiomeric and hypobranchial musculature arise from

Back 101

paraxial mesoderm

Front 102

branchiomeric musculature arises from what

Back 102

cranial paraxial mesoderm (somitomeres)

Front 103

hypobranchial musculature arises from what

Back 103

trunk paraxial mesoderm (somites)

Front 104

what is the best source for deciding the homology of musculature

Back 104

nerve innervations

Front 105

in fish branchiomeric mm is associated with ______ _________ and functions as part of the ________ _______

Back 105

gill arches;
respiratory pump

Front 106

in gnathostomes the branchiomeric musculature of the mandibular arch is associated with

Back 106

jaw movement

Front 107

the musculature of the hyoid arch is involved with what 4 things?

Back 107

jaw attachment
opercular movement
stapes of middle ear
constictor colli and other mm of facial expression

Front 108

extrinsic integumentary mm reaches peak development as the __________ _________ and the __________ mm of primates

Back 108

panniculus camosus (or cutaneous maximus)
mimetic

Front 109

erector mm of feather and hairs are ________ mm that are __________ to the dermis oc birds and mammals

Back 109

smooth, intrinsic

Front 110

electric organs are modified __________, _________ or ______________mm

Back 110

axial, appendicular or branchiomeric

Front 111

the fibers of electric organs that produce, store and discharge electic potential

Back 111

electropaxes

Front 112

some electric organs are actually modified ________ ______

Back 112

skin glangs

Front 113

extrinsic appendicular mm has an orgin on the _____ _______ and an isertion on the __________ or ________

Back 113

axial skeleton
girdle or limb

Front 114

intrinsic appendicular mm arises on a ________ or________ and inserts:

Back 114

girdle or more proximal skeletal segment of the limb and inserts on the more distal segments

Front 115

respiration involves what

Back 115

passive diffusion caused by partial pressures or carbon dioxide and oxygen

Front 116

external respiration

Back 116

the exchange of respiratory gases between organism and the environment

Front 117

internal respiration

Back 117

the exchange of gases between the capillary blood and tissues

Front 118

what is necessary for respiratory exchange of gases?

Back 118

moist epithelium

Front 119

chief adult organs of respiration ? (6)

Back 119

phargyngeal gills
orophargyngeal mucosa
gut
swim bladder or lungs
skin

Front 120

what is ventilation?

Back 120

the active process of moving the respiratory medium, water or air across the exchange surface

Front 121

apnea definition

Back 121

the cessation of breathing or ceasing to move the respiratory medium

Front 122

perfusion definition

Back 122

the pumping of blood throughout an organ via capillaries

Front 123

amount of oxygen within the air varies with what?

Back 123

altitude

Front 124

what 3 things affect the oxygen content of water

Back 124

movement of water
temperature
time of day (light and algea create changes in O2 concentration)

Front 125

downside to external gills

Back 125

can be eaten off

Front 126

internal gills arise within the walls of what?

Back 126

pharyngeal pouches

Front 127

internal gills are supported by the skeleton of the

Back 127

pharyngeal arches

Front 128

pharyngeal pouches require an opening to the exterior except in some_________

Back 128

agnathans

Front 129

normally respiratory water enters the :

Back 129

mouth

Front 130

in elasmobranchs respiratory water sometimes enters the:

Back 130

spiracle

Front 131

in hagfishes respiratory water sometimes enters the :

Back 131

naris

Front 132

in lampreys respiratory water sometimes enters the :

Back 132

external gill slits

Front 133

what 2 things primarily determine diffusion rate?

Back 133

speed of respiratory medium across membrane and distance to the blood supply

Front 134

__________ ________ of the branchial arches in fish help to show the relationship of primary filaments to interbranchial septa

Back 134

transverse sections

Front 135

elasmobranchs have _______ ________ _________ that are visible on the surface just posterior to their heads on sides

Back 135

naked gill slits

Front 136

the slits of chimeraes, bony fishes and larval anurians are covered by ____________ which is attached to the ______ ____

Back 136

an operculum,
hyoid arch

Front 137

the spiracle is a:
which in some species houses:

Back 137

modified not true gill arch
a pseudobranch on its anterior wall

Front 138

holobranch

Back 138

refers to a branchial arch and the lamellae on both anterior and posterior faces of the septum

Front 139

hemibranch

Back 139

refers to a branchial arch with lamellae only on efface of its septum

Front 140

spiracular pesudobranch

Back 140

refers to what is embryologically the 1st gill slit and it is reduced to a small oval opening over the spiracle

Front 141

ram ventilation

Back 141

swimming through water with mouth open

Front 142

2 stroke ventilation

Back 142

pumps water in and out

Front 143

counter current exchange

Back 143

blood and water flow in opposite directions

Front 144

gills in fish function in 3 things

Back 144

salt homeostasis
exertion of nitrogenous wastes and CO2
osmoregulation

Front 145

pneumatic sacs arise from where?
in fish they are called:
in tetrapods they are called:

Back 145

floor of foregut

swim bladders
lungs

Front 146

swim bladders and lungs of aquatic urodeles are chiefly ___________ organs

however _____________use them from respiration

Back 146

hydrostatic

lungfish/ dipnoans and other phystostomas fishes

Front 147

in some teleosts swim bladders function to transmit sound to

Back 147

inner ear

Front 148

air sacs and swim bladders come off where?

Back 148

dorsal side of gut

Front 149

lungs come off where?

Back 149

ventral side of gut

Front 150

air bladder function:

Back 150

maintain location within water column

Front 151

what effects does lactic acid have on the blood

Back 151

it decreases the pH making it more acidic and less able to carry oxygen

Front 152

excess oxygen is held in :

Back 152

gas bladder

Front 153

tracheal walls are reinforced by:

Back 153

cartilagenous or bony plates, rings or half-rings

Front 154

traches bifurcates into

Back 154

2 primary bronchi

Front 155

paired lungs arise as

Back 155

an unpaired evagination grom the embryonic pharyngeal floor

Front 156

ram ventilation

Back 156

swimming through water with mouth open

Front 157

2 stroke ventilation

Back 157

pumps water in and out

Front 158

counter current exchange

Back 158

blood and water flow in opposite directions

Front 159

gills in fish function in 3 things

Back 159

salt homeostasis
exertion of nitrogenous wastes and CO2
osmoregulation

Front 160

pneumatic sacs arise from where?
in fish they are called:
in tetrapods they are called:

Back 160

floor of foregut

swim bladders
lungs

Front 161

in amphibians and most reptiles lungs occups a

Back 161

pleuroperitoneal cavity

Front 162

in crocodilians, birds and mammals, each lung occupies

Back 162

its own individual pleural cavity

Front 163

what separates the pleural cavities from rest of coelom in birds and crocodilians

Back 163

fibrous oblique septa

Front 164

what separates the pleural cavities from rest of coelom in mammals

Back 164

muscular diaphragm and a mediastinum

Front 165

glottis is the entrance to

Back 165

the trachea

Front 166

crocodiles have a _____ ____ that helps protect against the entrance of fluids and food into the trachea

Back 166

fleshy valve

Front 167

in mammals, what helps protect against the entrance of fluids and food into the trachea

Back 167

either an epiglottis or the ability of the glottis to lock into the nasopharynx when necessary

Front 168

why don't frogs need advance lungs

Back 168

cutaneous respiration

Front 169

___________ _________ in the lungs of some lizards and in birds extend among the viscera. in birds they also extend into hollow bones

Back 169

saccular diverticula

Front 170

during a bird's flight what provides ability to breathe

Back 170

the flight mm act as a suction pump that draws air into the air sacs and a pressure pump forces it through the duct system and back to the outside

Front 171

suction pump is drives by what is aves

Back 171

flight mm

Front 172

movement of the bottom of a frogs mouth up and down will open and close its ____ ___

Back 172

external nares

Front 173

why does a frog hold air inside of lungs for longer

Back 173

the lungs are not as developed so no RAPID diffusion is occuring

Front 174

what acts as a suction pump in crocodiles

Back 174

liver

Front 175

when a croc inhales what happens?

Back 175

contraction of diaphragmaticus mm and liver moves backwards

Front 176

what happens when a croc expires?

Back 176

contraction of transversalis mm, intercostal mm and relaxation of diaphragmaticus mm. liver moves forward

Front 177

what 4 mm are used with the ventilation process in turtles

Back 177

transverse abdominus
serratus
pectoralis
obliquus abdominus

Front 178

in birds inhaled air flows into ______ _____ bypassing _________. It then returns to __________ via ______ ______

Back 178

air sacs;
lungs.
Lungs; recurrent bronchi

Front 179

in addition to maintaining a steady flow of air through the air capillaries of birds, air sacs are ____________ and ___________

Back 179

buoyant and thermoregulaory

Front 180

at the base of the trachea in most birds there is a voice box called a

Back 180

syrinx

Front 181

the early embryonic digestive system consists of

Back 181

foregut midgut and hindgut

Front 182

the gut forms from:
the epithelial lining of the gut forms from:

Back 182

splanchic mesoderm

endoderm

Front 183

the anterior invagination of the gut forms the:

the posterior invagination of the gut forms the:

This is where the gut meets the __________

Back 183

stomodeum

proctodeum

ectoderm

Front 184

the cloacal membrane is located at the _________ end

Back 184

aboral

Front 185

the parietal peritoneum lining the body wall is the

Back 185

somatopleure

Front 186

the gut is suspended within the coelom by the

Back 186

dorsal mesentary

Front 187

the dorsal mesentary is continuous with the:

Back 187

parietal peritoneum lining the body wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the surface of the organs

Front 188

the falciform ligament of the liver is embryoncally the

Back 188

ventral mesentary

Front 189

filter feeder ex:

Back 189

larval lampreys
a few jawed fishes
baleen whale

Front 190

most vertebrates are ________ feeders

Back 190

intermittent

Front 191

the nasal passage ways opens into the ______ ___ in lobe finned fishes

Back 191

oropharyngeal cavity

Front 192

the nasal passage ways opens into the ______ ___ in tetrapods

Back 192

oral cavity

Front 193

jawed fishes and perenninbranchiate amphibians have a _____ _____ that overlies the ventral most component of the _________ __________

Back 193

primary tongue;
hyoid skeleton

Front 194

in higher amphibians a _____ ______ contributes to the tongue and in amniotes __________ ________ ______ ______contribute to it.

Back 194

glandular field

paired lateral lingual swellings

Front 195

what stiffens the tongue in lizards and birds

Back 195

an entoglossal bone

Front 196

how does suction feeding work

Back 196

fish are able to change the size of the oral cavity which creates a suction mechanism pulling what is outside of the mouth, in very quickly

Front 197

woodpeckers have a special hyoid bone that does what?

Back 197

splits and curves around both sides of the skull and by moving this allows the tongue to move out of the mouth an spear its prey

Front 198

what type of tongue does a hummingbird have

Back 198

a paired tube tongue

Front 199

teeth are an example of vestigial ________ _______

Back 199

dermal armor

Front 200

in teeth dentin is formed by what where?

Back 200

odontoblasts in dermal papillae

Front 201

in teeth enamel is formed by what, where?

Back 201

ameloblasts of enamel organs and cememtum

Front 202

horny teeth are

Back 202

broad and very hard

Front 203

primitive mammalian teeth were ______________ &___________

Back 203

tricodont and triberculate

Front 204

labyrinthodont tooth (found in, and what does it look like?)

Back 204

sharks and is very sharp with many grooves

Front 205

hypsodont teeth are found in

Back 205

horses

Front 206

durophagus eat generally

Back 206

hard things

Front 207

major subdivisions of the adult digestive tract are

Back 207

oropharyngeal or oral cavity
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
intestine

Front 208

chief accessory organs of the adult digestive tract are

Back 208

tongue
teeth
oral glands
pancreas
liver
gallbladder

Front 209

sphincter mm help do what

Back 209

control movement

Front 210

teleost have blind ended pouches referred to as

Back 210

pyloric ceca

Front 211

4 areas of cow stomach in order that food goes

Back 211

rumen > reticulum > omasum > abomassum --->small intestine

Front 212

what type of fermenters are horses

Back 212

hind fermenters

Front 213

in cyclostomes the small intestine is:

Back 213

straight with slight differentiation

Front 214

in sharks the gut is: (shape)

Back 214

N shaped with a posterior spiral intestine that increases surface area

Front 215

in sharks what precedes the cloaca

Back 215

a short rectum

Front 216

in sharks there is a dorsal appendage from the rectum called

Back 216

rectal gland

Front 217

in fish the intestine is usually shaped

Back 217

into one or two S shaped curves, occasionally coiled

Front 218

fish intestine length

Back 218

10-12 times its body length

Front 219

what fish has a spiral intestine

Back 219

all modern fish which are not teleosts

Front 220

ray finned fish have a diverticula called

Back 220

pyloric ceca

Front 221

do bony fishes have a rectal gland

Back 221

no

Front 222

what bony fishes have a cloaca

Back 222

only dipnoans and coelacanth (latimeria)

Front 223

what type of gut do tadpoles have

Back 223

long and coiled

Front 224

what type of gut do adult amphibians have

Back 224

relatively short and simple digestive tracts, maybe 1.5-3.5 times their body length

Front 225

so amphibians have a cloaca

Back 225

yes

Front 226

what type of cecum do amphibians exhibit

Back 226

a single colic

Front 227

reptiles have what kind of intestine

Back 227

moderately colied and about 1-2 times their body length but in snakes it is short

Front 228

some reptiles exhibit what type of cecum

Back 228

dorsal colic

Front 229

since birds dont have teeth, they have a ______ and ______

Back 229

crop and gizzard

Front 230

the duodenum in birds forms a ______ _______ _______and is tightly coiled around the ________

Back 230

long narrow loops
pancreas

Front 231

in aves what kind of cecae are present

Back 231

2 colic cecae

Front 232

in birds the cloaca is present with dorsal diverticulum called

Back 232

cloaca bursa or bursa of Fabricius

Front 233

the cloaca bursa or bursa of Fabricius function in

Back 233

maturation of B lymphocytes

Front 234

insectivores and carnivore intestine length

artiodactyls have intesines that are _______________ their body length

Back 234

2-6 times their body length

20-25

Front 235

in mammals what type of cecum usually is present

Back 235

a single ventral colic cecum