Cva

Front 1

What is the purpose of CVA?

Back 1

To figure out functional significance and variation between groups

Front 2

What is a vertebrate?

Back 2

An organism which belongs to the phylum chordate and the subphylum vertebrata (craniata)

Front 3

What are the 5 characteristics of Chordates?

Back 3

Notochord- precursor to spine and found in embryonic and primitive vertebrates. It is a gristle like rod on the dorsal side of the organism (made up of same material as nucleus pulposa)

Pharyngeal slits

Dorsal hollow nerve cord (tube that has fluid on inside and out)

Post-anal tail

Endostyle (thyroid gland)

Front 4

Homocercal tail

Back 4

caudal tail in fish is the same size on top and bottom

Front 5

Heterocercal tails definition and function

Back 5

found in sharks,this is necessary because sharks lack a swim bladder and although the large amounts of liver oil that they produce assist in buoyancy they need assistance to move upwards in the water column. The larger top of the tail provides upward forces on the shark and it swims.

Front 6

Phylogeny

Back 6

the evolutionary history of a taxon

Front 7

Phylogenesis

Back 7

the process that produces evolutionary lines

Front 8

Ontogeny

Back 8

the developmental history of an individual from conceptions to death

Front 9

Extant

Back 9

individuals or groups which are living at the present time

Front 10

Extinct

Back 10

individuals or groups which are no longer living. Organisms which lived in the distant past (***phylogenic ancestors must be EXTINCT!)

Front 11

Microevolution

Back 11

evolutionary processes that can be noticed within a relatively brief period as during a human lifetime

Front 12

Macroevolution

Back 12

evolutionary process extending thru geological eras, large scale evolution of new genera and species owing to mutations resulting in marked changes in chromosome pattern phenotypes

Front 13

Carl von Linne (Carolus Linneus)

Back 13

• Creationist
• Systematist- binomial nomenclature
• Species are immutable (fixed and unchangeable)

Front 14

Dr. John Lighfoot

Back 14

• Creationist
• Vice-chancellor of Cambridge University
• Calculated that humans were created in 4004 B.C. on October 23rd at 9:00 am.

Front 15

Richard Owen

Back 15

• Creationist
• Morphologist
• Believed in immutability of species
• Believed in archetypes (an archetype is a biological blue print)

Front 16

John Baptist de Lamarck

Back 16

• Evolutionist
• Believed:
o in spontaneous regeneration
o Hierarchy of the species
o That animals developed new characteristics to meet the demands that the environment placed on them (idea that need produces change)
o Inheritance of new characteristics

Front 17

Alfred Russel Wallace

Back 17

• Evolutionist
• Belief based on his own observation of the malay archipelago
• Wrote a paper on evolution and sent it to Darwin

Front 18

Charles Darwin (1809-1892)

Back 18

• Father was a physician
• Charles fainted at the sight of blood therefore he was educated as a clergyman
• Became the naturalist aboard HMS Beagle
• Belief based on observations in South America and on the Galapagos Islands
• Delayed writing his book on evolution for 20 years

Front 19

Thomas H. Huxley (1825-1895)

Back 19

• Evolutionist
• morphologist
• Staunch defender of Darwinian evolution, he was often referred to as Darwin’s bulldog
• Disproved Owen’s archetype theory of the skull

Front 20

George Cuvier (1769-1832)

Back 20

• Creationist
• Morphologist
• Father of Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy
• Believed parts were adapted to perform specific functions. For example: if a part were changed the function would fail and the animal would perish

Front 21

- Homologous structures

Back 21

phylogenetic descendants of the same anlage in a remote ancestor. They may be similar or broadly dissimilar morphologically and functionally.

common ancestry (ex. Forelimb of human, mole & horse)

Front 22

- Analogous structures

Back 22

have similar functions but are not homologous

Front 23

- Homoplasty

Back 23

is the manifestations in different organisms of similar structural adaptations that are not attributable to homology.

similar appearance

Front 24

- Convergent evolution

Back 24

the evolution of similar structures in unrelated taxa as a result of mutations that are adaptive to similar environments
o Ex. Morphological convergence among sharks, penguins and porpoises

Front 25

- Parallel evolution

Back 25

the evolution of similar structures in recently related but isolated taxa whose common ancestor lacked the trait

Front 26

- Divergent evolution

Back 26

the evolution of an ancestral structure which becomes modified into a number of different forms.
o Beak shapes among Darwin’s finches

Front 27

- Phylogeny definition
- graphic representation?

Back 27

o The course of evolutionary change within a related group
o Graphic representation is a dendrogram

Front 28

o clade

Back 28

a natural evolutionary lineage including an ancestor plus all and only its descendants.

Front 29

cladeogram

Back 29

a branching dendrogram representing the organization and relationships of clades.

Front 30

functions of a cladeogram

Back 30

 Identify natural (related) groups.
 Allow the visualization of relatedness (how closely)
 May be constructed using 3 or more organisms.

Front 31

o Index fossils

Back 31

indicators of time in strata where the same organism can be found in the same layer at multiple locations

Front 32

additional characteristics of vertebrates

Back 32

- Segmentation (ex. Vertebrae)
- Coelom
- Deuterostomes
- Triploblastic

Front 33

Protochordate are...
they include...
they eat...
they live...
they resemble...

Back 33

general term w/ no true taxonomic meaning. Protochordates include hemichordates, urochordates and cephalochordates. All protochordates are marine and filter feeders. The larval stage is usually pelagic (planktonic) while the adult stage is benthic. Some are solitary, others are colonial, some are dioecious others are monoecious and some exhibit paedomorphosis (neoteny) as adults.

Front 34

- Hemichordata
- include...
- common name?
- What type of larvae?
- Where do the adults live?

Back 34

only have some of the chordate characteristics:…..)
o Enteropneustra “acorn worms”
o Pterobrachia
o Hemichordates have a tornarial larva (found in the water column, while the adults are found on the ocean floor)

Front 35

Why don’t we randomly run across dead animals or fossil records normally?

Back 35

- decomposition
- some animals eat bones
- most things that die are not left in conditions that are conducive to leaving fossilized records (conditions must be precise for fossils to be formed)

Front 36

- Urochordates include

Back 36

sea squirts and tunicates

Front 37

- Cephalochordata include:

Back 37

Amphioxus and Branchiostoma lanceolatum

Front 38

• Class Myxini

Back 38

subphylum vertebrata
subclass agnatha
- hagfish

Front 39

• Class Petromyzoniformes

Back 39

subphylum vertebrata
subclass agnatha
- lamprey (cyclostomes)

Front 40

• Class Cephalaspidomorpha

Back 40

subphylum vertebrata
subclass agnatha
-ostracoderms (armor on their flatheads) all extinct

Front 41

- All other fish above the placoderms evolved along 2 major lines:

Back 41

Chondrichthyes and the Teleostomi

Front 42

o Subclass Elasmobranchii

Back 42

Subphylum Vertebrata
Class Chondrichthyes
-includes sharks and rays
-Largest is the whale shark which is a filter feeder

Front 43

o Subclass Holocephali (chimaeras)

Back 43

Subphylum Vertebrata
Class Chondrichthyes
 “rat fish”- spend much of their time on the bottom of ocean

Front 44

• Class Acanthodii

Back 44

Subphylum Vertebrata
(all extinct)
o A minnow sized fish which had large spines at the leading edge of a thin skin web which serves as a fin. Dermal armor persisted only in the head region. Placed btwn cartilaginous and bony fishes.

Front 45

• Class Osteichthyes

Back 45

Subphylum Vertebrata
o Small overlapping scales, swim bladders and fin rays (lepidotrichia)

Front 46

 Subclass Actinopterygians

Back 46

majority of all fish and ray finned

Front 47

• Superorder: Palaeonisciforemes

Back 47

Subphylum Vertebrata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygians
-earliest bony fishes, fusiform (cigar shaped) with ganoid scales
- includes o Order Acipenseride- paddle fish and sturgeons (eggs are caviar)

Front 48

• Superorder Neopterygii and characteristics

Back 48

Subphylum Vertebrata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygians

o skull changes for jaw mobility
o notochord replaces by ossified vertebrae
o Homocercal tail
o Most recent and most advances
o Circular scales without ganonine
o Swim bladder

Front 49

 Subclass Sarcoptergii

Back 49

fleshy finned fish, gave rise to first terrestrial vertebrates – cosmoid scales and diphycercal caudal tail fin

Front 50

• Superorder Dipnoi

Back 50

• Class Osteichthyes
 Subclass Sarcoptergii
lungfish- 3 genera living in fresh water
- HE LIKES LUNGFISH (AFRICAN ESPECIALLY AND DIPNOI IS USUALLY THE ANSWER)

Front 51

- types of Tetrapods

Back 51

may be terrestrial, amphibious, aquatic or flying

Front 52

chiridium

Back 52

to have a muscular limb with well defined joints and

Front 53

2 classes of tetrapods where all members of which are extinct

Back 53

 Class labryinthodontia
 Class Lepospondyli

Front 54

 Class Lepospondyli

Back 54

solid vertebras and all parts fused and teeth lacked labyrinthine enamel folds)

Front 55

 Class labryinthodontia

Back 55

(some juveniles had a lateral line system on the skull and adults did not)

Front 56

 Subclass Lissamphibia

Back 56

modern amphibians

Front 57

• Order Gymnophiona

Back 57

o Class Amphibia
 Subclass Lissamphibia
(aka Apoda- legless amphibians)

Front 58

• Order Urodela

Back 58

o Class Amphibia
 Subclass Lissamphibia
aka caudate- salamanders

Front 59

• Order Salientia

Back 59

o Class Amphibia
 Subclass Lissamphibia
aka anura- frogs and toads

Front 60

Amniotes definition

Back 60

bear embryos which developed in extra-embryonic membranes (usually in calcareous or leathery shells). Therefore they can reproduce outside the water unlike fish and amphibians

Front 61

o Subclass Eureptilia

Back 61

(Diapsida skull- 2 temporal fenestrae ,or openings and a palatine fenestra) Turtles however are anapsida with no holes in their skull

Front 62

***Within the reptilian radiation there are 2 fossils aquatic specializations which we don’t know where to place:

Back 62

Icthyoptergia- Ichthyisaurs & Sauropterygia

Front 63

3 subclasses of Class Reptilia

Back 63

o Subclass mesosaurs (specialized aquatic)
o Subclass Parareptilia (shell with carapace and plasteron)
o Subclass Eureptilia

Front 64

Birds are derived from __________and are most closely related to __________

Back 64

reptiles; crocs

Front 65

the capacity for flight

Back 65

Only birds, bats and pterosaurs

Front 66

o Subclass Synapsida includes what 2 orders?

Back 66

 Order: Plycosauria (sail backed reptiles)
 order: Therapsida (mammal like reptiles)

Front 67

- Class Mammalia

Back 67

definition

Front 68

 Order Marsupialia-

Back 68

Class mammalia
Infraclass metatheria

marsupials or pouched mammals such as kangaroos, oppossums, and koalas

Front 69

o Infraclass Eutheria

Back 69

all placentals

Front 70

 Order Edentata-

 Order Insectivora-

Back 70

Anteaters and sloths

shrews and moles

Front 71

 Order Chiroptera-

 Order Dremoptera-

 Order Pholidonta-

Back 71

bats

flying lemurs (colugos)

pangolin

Front 72

 Order Lagomorpha-

 Order Rodentia-

Back 72

pika and rabbits

rodents<mice chipmunks, beaver, etc.>

Front 73

 Order Artiodactyla :

Back 73

UNGULATE
pigs, camels, cattle deer (even # of toes)

Front 74

 Order Perissodactyla

Back 74

UNGULATE
horses, tapirs, rhino (odd # of toes)

Front 75

 Order Proboscidea

Back 75

UNGULATE
elephants and mastadons

Front 76

 Order Hydracoidea

Back 76

UNGULATES
- hydraxes

Front 77

 Order Cetacea

Back 77

UNGULATES
whales and dolphins

Front 78

 Order Sirenia:

Back 78

UNGULATES
sea cows

Front 79

 Order Tubulidentata

Back 79

UNGULATES
aardvarks

Front 80

- Fertilization

Back 80

the union of 2 haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote (sperm and egg)

Front 81

Macrolecithal

Mesolecithal

Microlecithal

Back 81

having a large amount of yolk
having a moderate amount of yolk
having small amount of yolk

Front 82

Isolecithal

Back 82

having the yolk evenly distributed throughout the ovum

Front 83

Telolecithal

Back 83

having the yolk concentrated at one pole of the ovum

Front 84

- allantois:

Back 84

storage of wastes

Front 85

chorion

Back 85

respiration of exchange of gasses

Front 86

Oviparous

Back 86

species lay eggs which develop without additional nourishment from the mother. Most of these have external fertilization.

Front 87

Viviparous

Back 87

vertebrates develop on the body of the mother. These groups have internal fertilization and receive nourishment from the mother.

Front 88

Ovoviviparous

Back 88

species have eggs which develop within the mother but do not get nourishment from her.

Front 89

Gastrulation

Back 89

: the process of gut formation

Front 90

Neurulation

Back 90

the process of nerve tube formation

Front 91

- Archenteron

Back 91

the primitive gut

Front 92

Somite is divided into what 3 things and what do these 3 things develop into?

Back 92

myotome ( forms mm ), dermatome ( forms skin ), and sclerotome ( forms vertebrae )

Front 93

Myocoel

Back 93

gives rise to muscle

Front 94

Nephrocoel

Back 94

gives rise to kidneys

Front 95

Neural crest cells

Back 95

excess neural tissue that have developed outside the ectoderm and is going to be found throughout all parts of the body and form many different

Front 96

- Heterochrony

Back 96

a departure from typical sequence in time of organ formation

Front 97

o Paedomorphosis definition

is synonymous with?

Back 97

adults resemble the juvenile form of their ancestor
 Ex. Neoteny- the current species resemble the juvenile ancestor

Front 98

Peramorphosis

Back 98

adult forms are exaggerations of ancestral morphology
 Exaggerated traits present in the adult relative to the ancestral adult

Front 99

4 basic types of integument

Back 99

 Epithelial
 Connective
 Muscle
 Nerve

Front 100

epithelial tissue is derived from? its 2 basic morphologies are?

Back 100

o Derived from all germ layers
o 2 basic morphologies
 Sheet like
• Covers surfaces or lines spaces
o Epithelium – lines surfaces
o Mesothelium- lines large spaces (ex. Coelom)
o Endothelium lines small spaces (ex. Vasculature)
 Glandular

Front 101

Epithelial cells are linked very close to each other and can be classified by

Back 101

the shape of the cells
- columnar, squamous, cuboidal
- single or multicellular (simple or stratified)
- most vertebrates that live on land have keratinized outer epithelial tissue or skin (H2O proof)

Front 102

endocrine epithelial tissue

Back 102

 Cord or clump (release into blood stream) versus follicular (thyroid which releases hormone into the colloid and is stored in follicle until needed)
 Secretions directly into blood (hormones) no ducts!

Front 103

exocrine epithelial tissue

Back 103

 Simple vs. compound
 If simple then tubular or alveolar
 Retain a duct to a surface
 Secrete enzymes, sweat, oil, bile etc. depending on type

Front 104

body's largest organ system

Back 104

integumentary

Front 105

- Epidermis is a derivative

Back 105

embryonic ectoderm

Front 106

- Dermis is a derivative of

Back 106

mesoderm dermatome

Front 107

- Integument in true vertebrates is ________

Back 107

stratified

Front 108

functions for integument

Back 108

o Protection
o Exteroception (“it’s cold outside” I feel this via skin senses)
o Respiration
o Excretion
o Thermoregulation
o Locomotion (belly of snake)
o Homeostasis
o Species signaling
o Sexual signaling
o Produces Vitamin D
o Prevents drying out (desiccation)
o Color
o Camouflage

Front 109

o Extant fishes have what kind of integument

Back 109

non-keratinized skin covered by mucus

Front 110

mucous definition and function

Back 110

o Mucus is a protective layer to prevent some suspended particles from trancytosing their membranes and to be slippery to avoid being held

protects, reduces friction, precipitates suspended particles, maintains osmotic balances and glands in the region can have poison or be light organs (phosphorescence)

Front 111

o Fish dermis often gives rise to

Back 111

dermal bone and dermal bone gives rise to dermal scales

Front 112

o Scales are composed of :

Back 112

bony part, living part and exocrine mucous glands

Front 113

- Amphibian Integument

Back 113

o Aquatic amphibians have multicellular glands
o Mucous glands prevent desiccation and help protect (example: when dog attempts to eat a toad)
o Some produce alkaloids and poisons

Front 114

o scute

Back 114

a large plate-like scale

Front 115

o Gastralia

Back 115

dermal abdominal bones

Front 116

Ecdysis

Back 116

molting or shedding of skin

Front 117

o Brood patch

Back 117

patch on breast for incubation of eggs
 Higher blood supply

Front 118

o Uropygial gland

Back 118

oil gland at base of tail in class aves

Front 119

4 Feather types

Back 119

 Flight (largest)
 Contour (give shape)
 Down (warmth)
 Filoplume (ornamentation or specialty function)

Front 120

integument coloring due to

Back 120

chromatophores

Front 121

- Mammalian glands
o Sebaceous glands that secrete sebum

Back 121

 Wax glands of outer ear
 Meibomian glands of eyelid

Front 122

• Hair types

Back 122

o Fur (pelage)
o Guard hairs
o Underfur
o Vibrissae (long whiskers) tactile stimulation
o Quills

Front 123

o Specialized structures (epidermal)

Back 123

 Hair
 Glands
 Claws
 Antlers and horns
 Hooves

Front 124

mammary glands in monotremes are

Back 124

milk secretion ducts are linked to the hair

Front 125

outside of hoof and nail is the _____________ behind it is the __________

Back 125

ungus, subungus (living portion)

Front 126

horns

Back 126

continually grow and have a bony core and outer covering, frequently not shed

Front 127

antlers

Back 127

have a bony separation plate between skull and antler (which is covered with vascular skin (velvet) and leaving only bony core which will be shed at the end of the season

Front 128

o baleen

Back 128

filters out organisms from water in the whale)
 sieve looking mouth plate that filters out the food from the water (suspension feeder)