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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Positive
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concerned with “what is,” fact based, objective
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Normative
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concerned with “what should be,” opinion based, subjective
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Political System
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a state and all related institutions
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State
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an entity with the legitimacy and capacity to govern a specific geographical area
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Nation
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a group of people with a common identity
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Ethnicity
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a group of people with belief in a common ancestor/ belief that they are broadly related
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Nationstate
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entity with legitimacy/capacity governs a group of people with a common identity
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National
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over the nation
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subnational
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dealing with sub governmental unit of a state
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international
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dealing with multiple nations, like un
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Positive
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concerned with “what is,” fact based, objective
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Normative
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concerned with “what should be,” opinion based, subjective
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Political System
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a state and all related institutions
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State
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an entity with the legitimacy and capacity to govern a specific geographical area
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Nation
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a group of people with a common identity
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Ethnicity
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a group of people with belief in a common ancestor/ belief that they are broadly related
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Nationstate
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entity with legitimacy/capacity governs a group of people with a common identity
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National
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over the nation
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subnational
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dealing with sub governmental unit of a state
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international
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dealing with multiple nations, like un
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supranational
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above national level, like eu
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StructuralFunctional Approach to Institutional Analysis
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framework of looking at political systems that allows one to analyze and compare structures without assuming similar functions of those structures
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Political Culture
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the attitudes, values and norms a society has towards politics; a people’s orientation towards politics; set of attitudes and practices that shape political behavior
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Congruence Theory
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how cultural patterns relate to what type of political process citizens expects of the government
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At core, what does it mean to be authoritarian?
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Fails at least one aspect of the democracy test. political system that denies civil liberties but does uphold civil rights. denial of self governance
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Monarchy
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governed by king/queen/monarch
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Oligarchy
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governed by elite
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Military Dictatorship
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governed by military force
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Totalitarian
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denies civil liberties, self governance, AND civil rights
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Authoritarian Corporatist Interest Group System
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controlled institutional interest group system
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Who is not democratic
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Jordan (major decision makers do not affect policy)Egypt (?), China (only one party to vote for), Burkina Faso (corruption)
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Definition: At core what is the point of democratic governance?
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Self governance & self determination
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Elements: Explain each component of the democracy test; How does your country fare?
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Vote policy nexus, major DM elected, free/fair/competitive elections, universal adult suffrage, some protection for human rights
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Pluralist
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competitive, open, (like US), most organized=most successful
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Dem Corp
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peak organizations have leaders that are close to government, literally sit down & negotiate with gov leaders
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Anomic
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(reactionary)
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Associational
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organized (what traditionally thought of NAACP, NRI, etc)
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Nonassociational
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less organized, lots of free riders that benefit even if not actively involved
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Institutional
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based in formal organizations w other functions
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Civil Society
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society with citizens able to have political action and conversation without government interference, matters because it is an important check on democracy to ensure a country is acting to the interest of the citizens
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Pres Unitary Executive (Head of State & Head of Government, relation to cabinet) –
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functions as both head of gov & state, more casual relation to cabinet, in charge of cabinet, appoints members to cabinet (cabinet members are ceremonial head of bureaucratic branches)
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Pres Separation of Powers:
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branches of gov act independently of each other but are dependent on the others to get things done, ensures power does not collect in one place
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Pres Checks and Balance
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ability of branches to make sure other branches do not gain too much or abuse powers
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Pres fixed Term
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limit on years of service of many elected positions
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Parl Plural Executive (PM & Cabinet Relations)
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prime minister, head of government
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Parl Structural Interdependence between legislature and executive
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same thing, same constituents, act in interest of each other
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Parl Dissolution Power & Confidence Relationship
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pm & cabinet act in confidence relationship, cabinet can have vote of no confidence to get pm to step down while pm is able to dissolve legislature
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Parl Government of the day
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the “government” or ruling body/cabinet of the current term
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Parl Head of state v. Head of Government
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head of state= ceremonial head of gov=functional
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Majoritarian
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party with majority can act unchecked for the most part; consensual has institutional mechanisms to restrain “mere majority”
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Electoral, Party, and Interest Group Systems
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SMDP(m) v PR(c), plurality (m) v corporatist (c), two party (m) v multi
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party (c).
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Concentration of Power (Unitary v. Federal; Centralized v. Decentralized Administration), Legislative Structure, Written Constitution, and Judicial Independence/Review
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Unitary (m)/federal (c), central (m)/decentral (c), legislative unicameral (m)/bicameral (c), no constitution (m), yes constitution (c), judicial no (m), judicial yes ©
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Duverger’s Law
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regularity that states SMDP systems tend to have 2 party systems, PR tends to have multiparty
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Median Voter Result
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median voters determine election bc in smdp, 2 party systems either left or right & will reach more towards median voters to gain majority
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Comparative Economic Policy Definition
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value of all final goods/products produced in a year
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GDP Components
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Consumption, Gov Expenditures, Investment, Net Exports
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Why we use GDP
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to measure growth
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Political Ideology Definition & Function
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function to give philosophical platform for thinking about what/how/why government functions
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Left/Right Paradigm
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the dichotomous space in which some culture (like the US) thinks about political parties, came about during french revolution’s alliance to the king (right) or revolutionaries (left)
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Political Parties: Family Clusters
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clusters occur in multiparty systems where there may be groups of similar parties that cluster together in likemindedness yet have separate policy goals
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Rentier State
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State in which majority of revenue comes from the “rent” of internal resources to external clients
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How is UK a multinational state?
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Covers nations of Scotland, Northern Ireland, Wales, England
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Democratization of UK
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Between 1850 and 1928, but rly 1918 when women got to vote
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Major Parties of UK
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labor, conservative, liberal democratic
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Coalition Government –
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when largest portion of vote still is not majority, so party with largest vote forms coalition with smaller party to have a majority
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UK, Unitary yet decentralized? Devolution? –
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is unitary because although gov has significantly devolved powers down to lower governmental subunits, power of those subunits is not guaranteed & can be taken back by gov anytime
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UK, Question Time
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weekly practice where parliament has an open forum to ask prime minister questions, usually entails opposition trying to make prime minister look stupid, holds the purpose of holding PM accountable for having knowledge of policy & current government, keeping people aware that their leader is competent
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UK, Bicameral? –
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UK has a bicameral legislature but functions as a unicameral legislature. House of Lords very rarely exercises power & typically rubber stamps
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UK, Rigid written Constitution? Judicial Review? Parliamentary Sovereignty?
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No formal written constitution, more a compilation of traditions and regular laws passed by parliament. Parliament is supreme & there is not a court for judicial review, high court only interprets law.
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US, What make America exceptional? –
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was the first to introduce federalism & a written constitution. “a new world order” |
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US, Democratization –
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over stages, but typically when universal adult suffrage was law, or 1919 with 19th amendment
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US, Major Parties
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republican, democrat
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US, Electoral College
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group of electors from the senators+representatives, casts votes for their region
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Us, Federalism, Define
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power of subnational governmental units is locked in by written constitution
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US, Always federal? –
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No, was originally confederal (under Articles of Confederation) before this was deemed as not working |
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US, Intergovernmental relations over time
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state vs national government still clash significantly over powers
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US, Bicameralism
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House & Senate
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US, Rigid written Constitution? Judicial Review? Parliamentary Sovereignty?
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Yes, rigid written constitution. Yes, judicial review. No, parliamentary sovereignty bc no parliament + separation of power/checks & balances
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In what ways does Australia show its dual UK/US influence?
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Written constitution (US), parliamentary system (UK), bicameral legislature (UK&US) but government of day comes from lower house (UK)
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AUS Democratization
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Women could vote by 1908, could be in parliament by 1923, aboriginals were restricted from vote until 1962
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AUS Major Parties
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Labor & Liberal/National Coalition
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AUS Confidence Relationship and Indirect Accountability in action
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Gov of day is very reactive to will of the people, indirect accountability & confidence relationship between cabinet & PM shown by the swapping of Kevin Rudd to Julia Gillard back to Kevin Rudd in attempt to regain liking of the people
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AUS Federalism and Centralization?
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Federal because power of subnational units is guaranteed, but functions very unitarily and centralized
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Preferential Voting System
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Variation of PR used in the senate where citizens vote by ranking preference of candidates. Seats are filled by quotas .. some get struck out if not enough votes .. if someone votes for person who is struck out, votes move down the list in order of preference
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AUS, Rigid written Constitution? Judicial Review? Parliamentary Sovereignty?
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Written constitution yes, but operates on conventions because Australia does not find that the constitution necessarily applies towards how the government functions as of today . Judicial review, yes? Parliamentary sovereignty, no?
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Judiciary
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Judicial Power, The most important of these, the Kerr Report, recommended the establishment of a general administrative tribunal which could review administrative decisions on the merits, codification and procedural reform of the system of judicial review, and the creation of an office of Ombudsman. These proposals were put into practice with the passing of the Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977; the Administrative Appeals Tribunal Act 1975; the Freedom of Information Act (now Government Information (Public Access) Act 2009 No 52 1982); and the Ombudsman Act 1976.
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Judicial Independence
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(?)
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Three waves of democracy? |
Jacksonian, post WWII decolonization, 1970s to 2000s |
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