Comm Med - Onchoceciasis

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Onchocerciasis is caused by

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A nematode filarial worm, the onchocerca volvulus

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Onchocerciasis is more common in

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Tropical Africa, where over 99% of the world totally cases are found.

The whole of West Africa is highly endemic for Onchocerciasis, the Volta basin being one of the most heavily infected foci

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Transmission of Onchocerciasis

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It is transmitted by a female, black fly or simulium.

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Examples of simulium species and countries rampant

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1. Africa -Simulium damnosum, simulium naevi

2. Central and South America - simulium metallicum, simulium callidum, simulium onchraceum

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4.

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The simulium requires ...... for breeding

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Fast flowing rivers and streams .

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The dependence of ten vectors on water courses limits their ..... And account for?

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Limits their range

And account for the focal distribution of communities suffering from Onchocerciasis.

Consequently, the disease is a very serious problem among people who live close to the river, most seriously affected being those living closest to the breeding places ( the first line village)

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Some man made factors like....... Create artificial breeding sites for the simulium vector of onchocerca

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Construction 🚧 of dams for irrigation

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Life cycle of onchocerca

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Symptoms of Onchocerciasis are due to?

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Presence of microfulariae in the tissue

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List the categories of clinical manifestation of Onchocerciasis

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1. Onchocercomata or onchonodules

2. Onchodermatitis

3. Ocular Onchocerciasis or onchophthalmia

4. Onchoadenitis

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Thus, high blindness rates are associated with communities in which infection is common in

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childhood