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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Fessenden
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1906 - first transmission of voice (Christmas eve broadcast)
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De Forest
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1906 - created the Audion to share opera w/ public; asked listeners for feedback, received postcards (audion magnified signals; was later sued for it by Marconi; sold it to AT&T for $50,000)
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Popov
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1895 - successfully transmitted through the air (wireless; never did a broad demonstration)
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Marconi (beginnings)
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1895 - transmission in code; ended up selling to British Navy; transmitted Morse code from England to Newfoundland (2,000 miles). Morse used on ships.
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What was the state of amateur radio around WW I?
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There were lots of amateurs on the radio during WW I.
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Who controlled the licensing of transmitters in WWI?
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When US entered WW I in April 1917, it demanded control over licensing of transmitters. The US got full control, helped bankroll a lot of technological development (i.e., more powerful transmitters)
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Was the Navy able to retain its control after WW I, and why/why not?
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No, it overplayed its hand; the Army argued, and then Congress decided to stick it w/ the Dept. of Commerce
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When the Dept. of Commerce was given control over the licensing of transmitters, what was its state?
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It wasn't given any money for it, so it began licensing out the broadcasts; (about 1920) there weren't even radio sets you could really buy; they restricted hours.
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KDKA, Frank Conrad
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first commercial radio station in US; Frank Conrad broadcast of results of the 1920 Presidential Election; radio listeners knew the results before others, and thus people started becoming interested in getting their own receivers
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Horne's Department Store
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Sold receivers, 1920; set sales to a passive public, making radio service more of a one-way than a two-way service. This led to scheduled, predictable broadcasts
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True or False, in first years of 1920s many were still making their own radio sets
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True
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1920-1929: Manufacturers
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Westinghouse - payoff was int he manufacturing of equipment; GE got involved too. They didn't care what went on the air, but they were smart enough to know that if they didn't put something w/ some regularity, no one would buy the radios. Vaudeville popular; dramas w/ descriptions of stage actions.
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1920-1929: Business
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Newspapers: wanted to increase their readership (not take advantage of new form of journalism), used radio to get name out there; Dept. stores - same thing, wanted to get name out.
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1920-1929: Education and religious institutions
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Schools wanted students working w/ new technologies. Religious institutions wanted to proselytize/convert
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1920-1929: Amateurs
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WDGY - owner Young arranged all sorts of trade-outs (50% off for his family in exchange for ad time)
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1920-1929: AT&T, toll boradcasting
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toll broadcasting go t aslow start; but they were able to get high-profile entertainers to fill up program space. Finally, housing development from Long Island ran an ad, it was very successful; other companies started to get interested.
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1920-1929: Gender
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Of those getting licenses, most were males (not many women were encouraged to get into the field)
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1920-1929: Ethnic minorities
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Attempts to get stations were unsuccessful (this was true until after WW II).
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1920-1929: Advertising
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Show sponsorships begin; advertising comes in gradually until networks are formed
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1920-1929: Growth of Networks
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AT&T (1923), NBC (1926), CBS (1928), Mutual (1935), ABC (1945). WEAF (NYC), AT&T's station, networked and shared its programming
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1920-1929: Borrowed & Original formats
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Borrowed - sports, religion, variety, news, drama
Original - quiz, soap operas, ads |
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significance of WEAF
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used for AT&T's toll broadcasting
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Discuss what was covered, concluded by 4 National Radio Conferences (1922-25)
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Amateurs - largest in #s, least predictable (didn't have reliable signals, airtime, etc.; but, they did have licenses). Professionals wanted to get rid of amateurs. By 1925, advertising looks like the real future of advertising; professionals better suited for advertising; Herbert Hoover oversaw these
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What was the outcome of the Zenith Corporation case?
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United States vs. Zenith Radio Corporation (1926), a federal judge ruled the Commerce Department had no jurisdiction to regulate radio. Other rulings by the U.S. Attorney General completely nullified Department of Commerce control.
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What led up to the Zenith case of 1926?
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Zenith dissatisfied w/ its airtime, applied for anew frequency space, US Commerce Dept. says they were reserving the space for interaction w/ Mexico or Canada
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What was decided in the Radio Act of 1927?
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To form the Federal Radio Commission (FRC): made it so that amateurs would have to have equipment to keep it to its assigned frequency (this caused most of the amateurs to disappear, making for happy professionals)
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When did spot advertising and sponsorship become dominant?
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1928
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What aspect of radio grew especially during the Depression?
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Sponsorship
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Instead of radio, whose audiences decline in Depression, and why not radio?
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Movies, newspapers; not radio because the only cost of radio is the set.
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1929-1941: Sponsorship
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Sponsorships were never better; there was a price to pay for this - sponsors began to think they shoudl get more in return; they wanted to put ads in at certain points in program, as well as program itself; sponsors, in a sense, start to get censorship rights
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1929-1941: Programming control
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Ad agencies start creating their own studios, create the shows there; networks lose a lot of control over content programming (though, even if not the case, networks still would've been trying to please the sponsors)
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1929-1941: First protests over programming content
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Pittsburgh Courier & local church denounced dialogue of Amos 'n' Andy 1930-31. Groups in public began to take radio seriously in terms of its social impact; people became more concerned about daily life in general (not specific to radio)
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Press Radio War
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1933 - 193?:
Radio (CBS) wants to do its own news broadcasting; up until 1930s if radio station did news broadcasting, it was taken from newspaper; newspapers threatened to stop carrying radio broadcasting schedules; radio wasn't set up w/ idea of transmitting news; it was for entertainment |
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Communications Act of 1934
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Replaced FRC w/ FCC; Congress got interested in setting aside frequencies for non-commercial broadcasting; commercial broadcasters fought back; this was the result.
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Late 1930s: End of Press-Radio War
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Radio stations start getting back into news, late 1930s; broadcast journalism rises; by the end of the 1930s, networks are developing original newscasts.
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WW II
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Broadcast journalism becomes a lot more important w/ US involvement, reports of battles, etc.; Excess profits tax (80%) leads to increased program sponsorship; Radio feels less public obligation than it did in the 1920s
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Post WW II - part one
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not a huge growth in licensed stations up until 1945, but then BOOM!; FCC opens up frequencies; the new stations have problem: where do they get their programming material? lack of network outlets available.
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Short wave
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Development of short wave technology helped the rise of broadcast journalism
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Post WW II - part two
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new stations w/o network affiliations create format radio (all music); radio carries television (financially; during WW II maybe 10,000 TV sets nationwide); first minority radio stations come ont he air - part of the idea of stations created for one particular type of listener
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format radio
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does one type of broadcasting, and not really anything else
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