Comm 102 Exam 1

Front 1

Speech Communication

Back 1

human process through which we make sense out of the world and share that sense with others

Front 2

Communication

Back 2

process whereby humans collectively create and regulate social reality

Front 3

A thing

Back 3

a static object, bound in time, and unchanging

Front 4

A process

Back 4

moving, it has no beginning and no end, and it is constantly changing

Front 5

Communication process

Back 5

active, continuous, and flowing; never the same from one minute to the next

Front 6

Face

Back 6

an approved social identity, that aspects of ourselves that we present to others for their approval

Front 7

Communicative competence

Back 7

the ability to communicate in a personally effective and socially appropriate manner

Front 8

Performative competence

Back 8

that part of communication competence that can be seen; the actual performance of day-to-day behavior

Front 9

Process competence

Back 9

the cognitive activity and knowledge that allows individuals to generate performative competence; everything we know in order to communicate competently

Front 10

Implicit knowledge

Back 10

Knowledge that we don't have to think about, that we use unconsciously to guide our behavior

Front 11

message competence

Back 11

the ability to make message choices that others can comprehend as well as to attend to and understand message choices of others

Front 12

verbal competence

Back 12

the ability to process and use linguistic devices to convey content in effective ways

Front 13

nonverbal competence

Back 13

the ability to process and use nonverbal codes to convey content in effective ways

Front 14

Listening competence

Back 14

the ability to process and understand the messages that are sent to us

Front 15

interpretive competence

Back 15

the ability to label, organize, and interpret the conditions surrounding an interaction

Front 16

role competence

Back 16

the ability to take on social roles; knowing what is appropriate behavior for a given position

Front 17

self competence

Back 17

the ability to choose and present a desired self-image

Front 18

goal competence

Back 18

the ability to set goals, anticipate probable consequences, and choose effective lines of communication

Front 19

Culture

Back 19

that set of values and beliefs, norms and customs, rules and codes, that socially define groups of people

Front 20

approximeeting

Back 20

the tendency to avoid scheduling specific appointments but instead to rely on cell phone communication to make and revise plans

Front 21

process perspective

Back 21

becoming aware of what's going on when you communicate, and beginning to recognize how the underlying processes involved in communication manifest themselves in everyday performance

Front 22

situational approach

Back 22

the belief that interpersonal communication occurs whenever two people are in face-to-face interaction regardless of the intimacy of that interaction; under the situational approach, an interaction between a clerk and a customer

Front 23

developmental approach

Back 23

the belief that interpersonal communication occurs only when the interaction between two people occurs at the psychological level; under this approach, an interaction between a clerk and a customer would not count as interpersonal, but an interaction between longtime romantic partners would

Front 24

intrapersonal communication

Back 24

one-person communication; examples include daydreaming, fantasizing, and thinking through a problem

Front 25

interpersonal communication

Back 25

dyadic communication that takes place whenever two individuals, sharing the roles of sender and receiver, become connected through the mutual activity of creating meaning; examples include two friends chatting, and argument between brother and sister, and a professor and student discussing grades.

Front 26

dyadic communication

Back 26

two-person communication; another name for interpersonal communication

Front 27

small-group communication

Back 27

communication among three or more individuals in which each member knows every member and can interact freely with all others- for example, student working together on a group project

Front 28

organizational communication

Back 28

communication in a complex organization such as a business or industry; interaction flows through formal and informal channels; examples include communication from managers to subordinates at IBM and communication in the Army.

Front 29

face-to-face public communication

Back 29

one-to-many communication, in which a speaker addresses an audience; a presidential candidate addressing national convention and an evangelistic delivering a sermon are examples

Front 30

mediated public (or mass) communication

Back 30

communication to a large, anonymous audience in which a channel is interposed between sender and receiver; examples include a nightly news broadcast, a radio advertisement, and a novel

Front 31

cultural level data

Back 31

information made available to all members of culture

Front 32

sociological level data

Back 32

information made available only to people who share group membership

Front 33

psychological level data

Back 33

personal information shared between two people; information that is deeper and more intimate than that at the cultural or sociological level

Front 34

relationships as constellations of behavior

Back 34

the belief that relationships consist of and can best be understood by looking at what people do when they are together

Front 35

relationships as cognitive constructs

Back 35

the belief that relationships are a product of the ways we label and think about them that they can be understood by examining the cognitive schemata that describe them

Front 36

relationships as mini-cultures

Back 36

the belief that people in relationships create unique understandings and values that constitute their relational culture and that one can best understand a relationship by uncovering the nature of this culture

Front 37

relationships as collections of contradictory forces

Back 37

the belief that relationships can be defined by the ways in which partners view and resolves dialectical tensions

Front 38

dialectical approach

Back 38

an approach to understanding interaction that focuses on uncovering the contradictory forces that pull interactants in opposite directions and looking at ways these forces are resolved

Front 39

memory organization packets (MOPs)

Back 39

memories of what has happened in a relationship; MOPs help us stabilize and define the relationship

Front 40

relational prototype

Back 40

a mental guide that specifies what a certain ind of relationship should be like; consists of label, criterial attributes, and communicative indicators

Front 41

natural language label

Back 41

part of a relational prototype; the name that identifies a relationship

Front 42

criterial attributes

Back 42

par of relational prototype; the attributes that must be present for a certain kind of relationship to exist- for example, trustworthiness and loyalty might be attributes contained in the relational prototype of friendship

Front 43

communicative indicators

Back 43

part of a relational prototype; the actual behaviors connected to criterial attributes- for example, if one of the criteria attributes of the relational prototype for friendship is being trustworthy, then keeping secrets would be a communicative indicator

Front 44

crossover

Back 44

when outside environmental influences affect what happens between partners in a relationship- for example, when a spouse allows tensions from the office affect behavior at home

Front 45

private relationships

Back 45

relationships that are close and personal; in such a relationship, members are irreplaceable and interdependent; knowing is particular, rules are individualistic, the tone is sentimental, and rewards are intrinsic

Front 46

public relationships

Back 46

relationships that are formal and distant; in such a relationship, members are substitutable and autonomous; knowing is universal, rules are normative, the tone is practical, and rewards are extrinsic

Front 47

content messages

Back 47

one of the two kinds of messages conveyed whenever we speak; content messages refer directly to the topic of the conversation; in contrast, relational messages tell our partners how we view our relationship to them

Front 48

relational messages

Back 48

messages, often unstated, that indicate ones feelings about and satisfaction with a relationship; messages about dominance, trust and closeness are examples

Front 49

relationshipping

Back 49

the process of building and maintaining healthy relationships

Front 50

minimal competence

Back 50

the lowest level of role competence, in which partners act out roles in traditional ways

Front 51

satisfactorily competent

Back 51

the middle of the role competence, in which partners are able to change some role behaviors but are not able to work out problems in creative ways by creating new roles

Front 52

optimal competence

Back 52

the highest level of role competence in which people know when to adapt to social roles and when not to; those who are optimally competent handle relational problems creatively and effectively

Front 53

analogic codes

Back 53

a code that is made up of signs that convey meaning by being like the concept they convey- for example, a smile conveys happiness by its natural connection to being happy

Front 54

digital codes

Back 54

a code that is made up of discrete symbols- for example, the word happy is a series of sounds that has come, through convention, to convey the abstract idea of happiness; there is no natural connection between the sounds and the idea

Front 55

morpheme

Back 55

the smallest meaningful element of speech, often, but not always, equivalent to a word

Front 56

semantics

Back 56

language at the level of the word; semantic rules specify the elements that give words meaning

Front 57

denotative meaning

Back 57

meaning that is conventionalized; the dictionary definition of a concept

Front 58

connotative meaning

Back 58

personal, often emotionally charged meaning that goes beyond denotation

Front 59

syntactics

Back 59

language at the level of the sentence or utterance; syntactic rules allow individuals to combine words to create well-formed utterances

Front 60

speech act

Back 60

what an individual is doing during speech; it is roughly equivalent to the speaker's intention or purpose, although it is possible that a speaker may not be consciously aware of the implications of a speech act

Front 61

constitutive rule

Back 61

in CMM theory, a rule that allows communicators to translate content into speech acts and speech acts into content

Front 62

regulative rule

Back 62

in CMM theory, a rule that tells communicators how to appropriate a given speech act is in a given context

Front 63

episode

Back 63

one of the contexts identified in CMM theory, it refers to the situation in which an interaction occurs

Front 64

relationship

Back 64

one of the contexts identified in CMM theory, it refers to the kind of relationship that exists between communicators

Front 65

life script

Back 65

a relatively fixed way of thinking about the self and relating to others that is organized around general themes for living one's life; in CMM theory, it refer to the self-images of the participants

Front 66

cultural patterns

Back 66

one of the contexts identified in CMM theory, it refers to the cultural norms that govern communication

Front 67

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Back 67

the idea that there is a relationship between language, thought, and action; consists of two propositions, linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity

Front 68

linguistic determinism

Back 68

the proposition that language affects thought

Front 69

linguistic relativity

Back 69

the proposition that people who speak different languages experience the world differently

Front 70

elaborated code

Back 70

a language code associated with middle-class speakers; its primary use is to convey information; meanings are explicitly coded into words

Front 71

restricted code

Back 71

a language code associated with working-class speakers, it is often used to create social solidarity; it does not put all of the meaning it conveys into words; instead, it assumes that listeners will pick up information from context

Front 72

critical theorists

Back 72

theorists who believe that there is a power dimension to language such that groups that control language also control thought and action

Front 73

muted-group theorists

Back 73

theorists who argue that subordinate groups are often silenced, especially when the way they use language is defined as trivial or subordinate

Front 74

worldview

Back 74

a culture's orientation toward fundamental concepts such as God, human nature, morality, and other philosophical issues

Front 75

control cultures

Back 75

cultures that hold that people can control their own destinies; opposite of constraint cultures

Front 76

constraint cultures

Back 76

cultures that hold the people have very little control over their lives and that events are controlled by external sources such as fate; opposite of control cultures

Front 77

doing cultures

Back 77

cultures in which people's self-worth is measured by their ability to accomplish tasks; opposite of being cultures

Front 78

being cultures

Back 78

cultures in which people's self-worth is measured by their ability to maintain relationships; opposite of doing cultures

Front 79

M-time cultures

Back 79

cultures that are monochronic; people segment and organize time in a linear way

Front 80

P-time cultures

Back 80

cultures that are polychromic; people have a more holistic attitude towards time; several tasks may be undertaken at the same time; clock time is relatively unimportant

Front 81

individualist cultures

Back 81

"I" cultures; the basic unit is the individual working in his or her own best interest

Front 82

collectivist cultures

Back 82

"we" cultures; the basic unit is the group; and individuals sacrifice for the group

Front 83

horizontal individualism

Back 83

an individualist culture in which people are relatively equal in status

Front 84

vertical individualism

Back 84

an individualist culture in which there are status differences among members

Front 85

horizontal collectivism

Back 85

a collectivist culture in which people are relatively equal is status

Front 86

vertical collectivism

Back 86

a collectivist culture in which there are status differences among members

Front 87

low-context cultures

Back 87

cultures which most meaning is conveyed explicitly in words; context is not as important as verbal communication, and accuracy and directness are prized

Front 88

high-context cultures

Back 88

cultures in which context is shared and is an important source of information; indirectness and subtlety are prized

Front 89

effort optimism

Back 89

the idea that if people work hard, they can achieve their goals

Front 90

American English (AE)

Back 90

refers to language practices of the current dominant ethnic group in America (whites of European ancestry)

Front 91

African-American Vernacular English (AAVE)

Back 91

a form of English associated with members of predominantly African-American communities; it has a well-developed grammar; many linguistics argue that AAVE incorporates some aspects of Niger-Congo African patterns

Front 92

call-and-response pattern

Back 92

a characteristic of AAVE in which a speaker's statements (or calls) are punctuated by responses from the listener

Front 93

intercultural communication

Back 93

communication between members of groups who have been taught a different set of understandings about the world

Front 94

prejudice

Back 94

a negative social attitude held by members of one groups towards members of another

Front 95

attitude

Back 95

a generalized evaluation of a stimulus object

Front 96

in-group members

Back 96

people who share a common group identity

Front 97

out-group members

Back 97

a person who comes from a different social group

Front 98

negative interpretation

Back 98

a cognitive bias that consists of seeing everything that out-group members do as negative

Front 99

discounting

Back 99

a cognitive bias that consists of dismissing anything positive done by an out-group member as an exception

Front 100

fundamental attribution error

Back 100

a cognitive bias that consists of interpreting another's negative behavior as internal or dispositional rather than external

Front 101

exaggeration

Back 101

a cognitive bias that consists of seeing negative behaviors by out-group members as more extreme than they actually are

Front 102

polarization

Back 102

a cognitive bias that consists of magnifying differences between in-group and out-group communicaiton

Front 103

ethnocentrism

Back 103

the belief that one's own culture is better than any other

Front 104

assumed similarity

Back 104

a barrier to cross-cultural understanding in which individuals refuse to recognize true differences between groups

Front 105

republican mother

Back 105

the idea, prevalent in the 19th century, that the goal of the mother was to instill patriotism and create good citizens

Front 106

character

Back 106

an ideal behavior valued during the nineteenth century; character consists of qualities like thrift, hard work, duty, self-sacrifice, good deeds, integrity, and a spotless reputation

Front 107

personality

Back 107

1) an ideal of the twentieth century, consisting of qualities that make one stand out in a crowd, and appear friendly and personable
2) the organized, enduring, and characteristic ways that an individual is predisposed to behave; often assumed to be innate