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132 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nasal Cavity |
air is filtered, warmed to aid with gas exchange, and moistened |
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Pharynx |
-2 types: nasopharynx and oropharynx -filters pathogenic substances |
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Larynx |
houses vocal chords |
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uvula |
avoid food from upchucking into the nasal cavity |
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epiglottis |
avoid food from going into esophagus (airway) |
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What kind of cells line the beginning of the lower tract? |
pseudo stratified cilia epithelium |
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trachea (and lined by...) |
-c-shaped cartilage rings so they can remain open -lined by ciliated epithelium |
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bronchi |
cartilage pieces for structure so tube doesn't collapse |
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bronchioles |
no cartilage, contains smooth muscle |
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Asthma Attack / inhalers |
-smooth muscle seizes and no air moves causing shortness of breath -inhalers allow smooth muscle to relax |
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alveoli |
-facilitates gas exchange through capillary networks wrapped around the alveoli -oxygen diffuses into the blood and Carbon dioxide diffuses into the lung |
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surfactant |
lines alveoli and helps lower surface tension of water and prevents the alveoli from closing |
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inspiration/exhalation breathing |
intercostal muscles allow for lung expansion through the ribcage |
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inhalation |
volume increases, air pressure decreases |
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exhalation |
volume decreases, air pressure increases |
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tidal volume (shallow vs. deep breath) |
-shallow breaths: at rest -deep breaths: max inspiration/ exhalation |
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residual volume |
air still left in lung |
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vital capacity |
max inspiration and max expiration |
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medula oblongata |
-primitive part of brain controlling vital and basic life functions -controls breathing and blood pressure |
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Hyperventilation |
lowers carbon dioxide and raises pH ACIDIC |
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Hypoventilation |
raises carbon dioxide and lowers pH BASIC |
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bronchitis |
-acute: airway inflamed -chronic: caused by an irritant (cigarettes) |
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asthma |
closing of bronchioles |
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emphysema |
-both obstructive and restrictive -alveoli damaged |
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pneumonia |
-fluid in lung blocking gas exchange, infected |
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tuberculosis |
-pathogenic infection caused by airborne bacteria -damages alveoli elasticity |
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fibrosis |
-fibers build up in the lungs -asbestos infection |
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lung cancer |
-most fatal -metasticizes |
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urinary system functions |
1. gets rid of waste products through urine 2. control of ions 3. water regulation 4. regulation of pH |
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kidney functions |
1. filtration 2. reabsorption 3. secretion |
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nephron |
renal tubes |
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glomerulus |
controls what gets filtered -big stuff don't get filtered (RBC, WBC, platelets, proteins) |
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PCT (proximal convoluted tube) |
responsible for reabsorption |
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DCT (distal convoluted tube) |
ion exchange |
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collecting duct |
carries urine to renal pelvis |
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detrusor |
muscle of urinary bladder that contracts to push out urine |
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internal urethral sphincter |
smooth muscle |
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external urethral sphincter |
skeletal muscle to control when to pee |
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Central Nervous System/ cell type |
-brian/spinal cord -contains oligodentroctye |
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Peripheral Nervous System/ cell type |
-nerves -Schwann cells |
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neurons |
-type of nervous tissue -sensory or motor functions |
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glia |
-type of nervous tissue -helper cells |
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dendrites |
receive signal |
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axon |
transmit signals through action potentials |
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synapses |
sends signals to other cells |
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unmyelinated sheath |
-conduction without detriment -stays the same size constantly and has wave-like contractions |
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myelinated sheath |
-signal travels by jumping from node to node throughh saltatory conduction |
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synaptic cleft |
-between pre synaptic neuron and post synaptic cell -neurotransmitter binding site |
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ACH |
-Acetylcholine -used to stimulate skeletal muscle -voluntary |
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NE |
-norepinephrine (AKA nor adrenaline) -stimulatory nervous tissue -can be artificially stimulated by drugs |
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dopamine |
-motor pathway |
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parkinsons |
-lack of dopamine production -L-Dopa |
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serotonin |
-controls mood, emotions, appetite -SSRI for people with mental disorders |
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ventricles |
-spaces inside the brain filled with cerebral spinal fluid -fluid acts to cushion and protect brain |
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meninges |
-wraps the brain and spinal cord -outside of the brain |
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cerebrum |
-contains the left and right cerebral hemispheres -has four lobes |
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4 cerebral lobes and their functions |
1. occipital- vision 2. temporal- auditory information/hearing 3. parietal- emotion, personality |
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corpus callosum |
connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres |
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thalamus |
-relays all senses EXCEPT smell -sends information to indicated lobes |
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cerebellum |
-2nd largest part of the brain -smooth movement and balance |
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brain stem |
-pons and medulla oblongata -basic life functions -heart beat, breathing, blood pressure |
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limbic system |
contains hippocampus and amygdala |
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hippocampus |
controls memory |
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amygdala |
fear |
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Wernekes's area |
-controls auditory information -processes and formulates words and sentences -understands and comprehends language |
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Broca's area |
allows you to say formulated words and sentences |
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chemoreceptors |
taste and smell |
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photoreceptors |
sight/light energy |
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mechanoreceptors |
bend or press cells (skin/touch) |
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thermoreceptors |
hot/cold temperature |
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nociceptors |
pain sensation |
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proprioceptors |
position and movement |
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sweet |
taste bud stimulated by glucose and fructose |
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sour |
taste bud stimulated by hydrogen ion |
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salty |
taste bud stimulated by sodium ion |
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bitter |
taste bud stimulated by guanine molecule |
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umami |
taste bud stimulated by glutamate |
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sclera |
wraps around the eye |
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cornea |
main focuser of light, light comes through here |
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lens |
-has suspensory ligaments attached with ciliary muscles -muscles contract to adjust focus and pulls on lens |
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retina |
contains photoreceptors (rods and cones) |
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cones |
color. red, blue, green |
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rods |
black and white. also stimulated by a neon yellow-green shade |
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nearsighted |
uses concave lens, ray focuses in front of the retina because long eyeball |
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farsighted |
uses convex lens, ray focuses behind the retina because short eyeball |
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astigmatism |
uneven lens, rays don't focus evenly |
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presbyopia |
"old eyes"; weakened ciliary muscles and stiffer lens |
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LASIK |
laser procedure to change the cornea by adjusting cornea size |
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glaucoma |
the post compartment with vitreous humor cannot drain in the front of the eye because of a lack of pressure |
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cataract |
lens gets spots and light cannot come in which affects vision |
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external auditory canal of outer ear |
skin, hair, and ear wax secretion for filtration/ protection |
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tympanic membrane |
eardrum, vibrates, attached to ossicles |
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ossicles of the middle ear |
-malleus, incus, stapes -vibrates because the tympanic membrane vibrates |
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Eustachian tube |
-AKA auditory tube -drains fluid from the middle ear |
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cochlea |
contains hair cells that bend and are stimulated by fluid to sense sound |
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semicircular canals |
-particles called otoliths bend hair cells with head movement -balance and movement -part of vestibular system |
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hormones |
chemicals made and transported through the blood stream |
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steroid hormones |
diffuse into target cells through protein synthesis |
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peptide hormones |
binds to receptors and uses a second messenger system |
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posterior pituitary gland |
-made of nervous tissue -contains axons and neurons -produces ADH and Oxytocin |
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anterior pituitary gland |
-doesn't contain axons -produces FSH, LH, Prolactin, Growth hormone, and Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone |
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dwarfism |
proportional lack of growth hormone |
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midget |
unproportional in the appendages |
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gigantism |
caused by tumor on anterior pituitary, presses against optic chiasm so vision first affected |
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acromegaly |
Growth hormone production post-puberty, affects facial bones |
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calcitonin |
secreted by the thyroid, used for skeletal system, activates osteoblasts and osteoclasts to build and not breakdown bone, blood calcium decrease |
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PTH |
-secreted by parathyroid gland -blood calcium increase -releases calcium from bones because osteoclasts increase |
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medulla (adrenal gland) |
adrenaline |
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cortex |
outer shell of adrenal gland also called corticoids |
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Addison's disease |
causes bronzing of the skin |
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Cushing's |
lowers immune system |
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Exocrine of the pancreas |
secretes digestive enzymes |
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Islets of Langerhans |
-clusters of cells in the pancreas -regulates insulin |
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Type I Diabetes |
-not producing insulin -"child diabetes" -must inject insulin daily |
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Type II Diabetes |
-target cells stop making insulin receptors because of over saturation of insulin by high glucose levels -lack of healthy nutrition -"adult diabetes"/ late-onset |
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pineal gland |
melatonin |
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adipose |
leptin (appetite hormone) |
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epididymis |
stores semen |
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semen made |
seminal vesicle and prostate gland |
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bulbourethral gland |
-AKA Cowper's -lubricates the ejaculate |
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penis |
-organ of sexual intercourse -contains the shaft, glans, and foreskin |
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male erection |
-chemical Nitrate Oxide drives the erection -spongy area fills with blood and presses on vessels (vasodilation) |
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ejaculation |
male orgasm, goes through refractory period |
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flagella of sperm |
tail of sperm that uses mitochondria to have a whip-like tail for movement |
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vagina |
lined with stratified squamous epithelial cells for protection |
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uterus |
site of implantation, muscle |
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fimbrae |
fingerlike projections on the oviduct attached to ovary that pulls egg |
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glans clitoris |
for orgasm and pleasure |
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female orgasm |
linked to brain more than male orgasm, no refractory period |
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menerche |
first period |
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menopause |
no follicle development and no estrogen |
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placenta |
-site between mom and baby -oxygen and nutrients exchanged here -waste and carbon dioxide are exchanged from baby to mom |
