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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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A mixture of clear varnish and fish scales used in making imitation pearls. |
Essence d’orient
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3
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Mining economics are affected by…what 7 factors? |
demand, political climate, labor costs, environment, accessibility, type of deposit, and mining methods
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17
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Visible face-up color zoning that the cutter was unable to conceal.
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Unintended color zoning
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31
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In general, attractive colored stones tend to have …
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highly saturated hues and medium to medium-dark tone
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45
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Localized changes caused by an igneous intrusion that takes place where the magma meets the surrounding rock. New minerals may form due to temperature changes or introduction of fluids from the magma.
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Contact metamorphism
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59
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An igneous rock formed from cooling, once-molten granite that follows fractures in its surrounding rock. It may contain very large crystals, and its shape is often thin and contorted.
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Pegmatite
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73
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Combo of silicon and oxygen
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silica
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87
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Nephrite’s greens don’t reach the ... of jadeite’s greens.
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saturation or attractiveness
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101
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The color or colors in a gemstone’s color range considered by the trade to be the most desirable.
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Fine color
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115
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3 factors... all contributed to the decline of the natural pearl industry.
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Pearl culturing, plastic buttons, and oil drilling
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129
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Any break in a gem other than cleavage or parting.
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Fracture
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143
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Atoms in a gem that aren’t part of its essential chemical composition.
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Trace elements
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157
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Most colored stones are sold by ...
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weight
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171
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The ... provides a common language for evaluating pearls.
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GIA Pearl Description System
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185
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Cutting style with triangular or kite-shaped facets that radiate from the center toward the girdle.
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Brilliant cut
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199
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A cutting style that combines brilliant-cut and step-cut facets.
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Mixed cut
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213
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The market demands ... cutting and proportions in gems cut from relatively available, moderately priced rough.
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precise
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227
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The definitions of ... topaz can vary widely.
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imperial
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241
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A selection of goods loaned to a dealer by another wholesaler or a gem cutter.
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Consignment
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255
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Characteristic or irregularity confined to the surface of a polished gemstone.
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Blemish
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269
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Group of fine needle-like inclusions.
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Silk
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283
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In general, patterns of large, closely arranged ... are preferred in opal.
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color patches
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297
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apatite, beryl
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hexagonal (2)
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311
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toughness of quartz and spinel
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good toughness
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325
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14 gems colored by iron
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Peridot, yellow sapphire, golden beryl, chrysoberyl, aquamarine, red garnets, almandite, yellow to orange grossularite, emeralds (bluish/darker), iolite, orthoclase feldspar, brown to orange chalcedony, nephrite jade, indicolite
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339
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Weathered, thin-skinned jadeite boulders.
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River jade
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353
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The different ways a gem breaks are called (3)
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cleavage, parting, and fracture
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367
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Tiny, parallel grooves on a facet surface left by the polishing operation.
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Polish lines
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381
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... is the major source of the finest-quality amethyst.
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Africa
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395
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What three minerals are in lapis?
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pyrite, calcite, lazurite
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409
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What stone forms in dry, barren regions with acidic copper rich groundwater seeps downward>
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turquoise
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423
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A crystallized form of calcium carbonate found in nacre.
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Aragonite
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437
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A pearl that forms without human assistance.
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Natural pearl
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451
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color range - rhodochrosite
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subtle pink to cherry red; can have soft edges of white, gray, brown and yellow
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465
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color element - ruby
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Chromium trace element
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479
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Describe thai rubies.
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darker, lack rutile silk
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493
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8 imitations for ruby
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Glass, natural spinel, red garnet, synthetic CZ, dyed natural corundum, quench crackled quartz, doublet (natural & synthetic)
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507
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Mining location for blue sapphire (6)
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Myanmar - some of the best; Sri Lanka - mid to high end; Commercial - Thailand, Cambodia, Australia, Madagascar
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521
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Describe a Thai blue sapphire
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Thai - can get greenish; darker and inky
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535
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Filling of pores or other openings with melted wax, resin, polymer, or plastic to improve appearance and stability.
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Colorless impregnation
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549
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Altering a gem’s appearance by applying backings, coatings, or coloring agents like paint.
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Surface modification
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563
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Alexandrite imitations (6)
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natural corundum, granet, spinal; never as good as color as alexandrite synthetic corundum, synthetic spinal, assembled quartz
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577
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Commercial-quality stones are generally calibrated, and judged more by the ... than by their individual quality factors.
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price per stone
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591
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Source of best andalusite?
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Brazil - best hues; dark green body color and a rare rose-red bodycolor
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605
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How does colorless become blue topaz?
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irradiation and heating
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619
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Gem - trade name "precious topaz"
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sherry topaz
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633
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color range helidor
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rich shades of yellow and gold
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647
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Gems produced by natural processes, without human help.
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Natural gems
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661
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gem trade name "water of the sea"
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aquamarine
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675
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Why is green beryl not emerald?
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lacks color saturation
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689
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Primary mining opal
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Australia - 90%; New South Wales - Lightening Ridge (Black Opal)
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703
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blank |
blank |
717
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What kind of feldspar is labradorite?
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calcium/sodium feldspar
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731 |
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What two feldspar species combine to be moonstone? |
combo of two feldspar species - albite & orthoclase (create layers during cooling)
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745
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Inclusions in sunstones |
small inclusions give sunstone a reddish or golden sheen while larger inclusions create glittering reflections
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759
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Colorless sapphire has been marketed as an inexpensive naturalsubstitute for ... |
diamond
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773
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treatments for kunzite
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rosy color from colorless or light-colored spodumene from irradiation; can still fade
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787
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Large stones with ... color are more common in some colored stone species than in others.
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fine
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801
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Most defects in colored stone proportions are compromises made by the cutter to produce ... viable gems.
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economically
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815
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Describe liddicoatite tourmaline.
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liddicoatite - rich in calcium, lithium, aluminum; pegmatites; diverse colors in complex zoned patterns
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829
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color element - paraiba?
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copper
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843
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finest quality - red and pink tourmaline?
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finest, most saturated purplish red or red tourmaline, then pink
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857
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color element - peridot
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iron, part of gem's composition
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871
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color element red spinel |
chromium
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885
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most important green garnet?
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tsavorite
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899
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A process where the electrons that selectively absorb light are passed back and forth between neighboring impurity ions. |
Charge transfer
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913
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Iridescence seen in some natural and cultured pearls and mother-of-pearl.
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Orient
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927
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color range for spessartite
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pale yellowish orange through brigh torange to dark brownish red; lighter tone than almandite
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941
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what kind of garnet is uvarovite?
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calcium garnet (uvarovite)
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955
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The most valuable red coral is an intense red that dealers call ...
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oxblood
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969
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color range demantoid
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yellowish or brownish green hue to a rare intense emerald green; always some yellow
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983
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what kind of gem is tapazolite?
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garnet
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997
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A process in which the synthetic crystal grows from a seed that is dipped into a chemical melt, then pulled away as it gathers material.
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Pulling
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1011
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color element in lavendar jadeite
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iron and oxygen
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1025
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mining (6) nephrite
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New Zealand (green stone); BC Canada (polar jade); China, Russia, Taiwan, US
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1039
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Other sources for current calcareous coral
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Naples' craftsmen work with Japanese, Malaysian, and Filipino coral
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1053
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what is ammonite?
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fossilized remains of hard-shelled, squid like marine mollusks that lived between 65 and 395 mill years ago; resemble chambered nautilus
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1067
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Light-colored or colorless spodumene is … and …(2) to produce kunzite’s rosy color, but the color— treated or natural—can fade under heat or bright light. |
irradiated and then carefully heated
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1081
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shape of fluorite crystals
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cube
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1095
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An ... is turquoise’s most-prized color. |
intense, uniform, medium blue
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1109
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describe moldovite
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irregularly and sometimes intricately shaped glassy nodules and blobs containing gas bubbles
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1123
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two types of emerald host rocks
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metamorphic or sedementary rock; most mined in regions with metamorphic rocks where pegmatites intersect with schists (Brazil and Zambia); Columbia - sedimentary rock environments in hydrothermal veins; fault lines from Andes sedimentary layers formed fault lines; lines provided pathways for hot, mineral rich fluids to rise and grow
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1137
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blank |
blank |
1151
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5 treatements pearls |
bleached, tinted, dyed, irradiated, coated
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1165
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... belong to a group of minerals with the same crystal structure but slightly different chemical composition. |
Garnets
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1179
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... most valuable red garnet—has a dark purplish red to light reddish purple hue. |
Rhodolite—the
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1193
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Gemstone sizes cut to fit standard mountings.
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Calibrated sizes
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1207
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A mixture of gem qualities that represents unsorted production from a particular mine.
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Mine lot (mine run)
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1221
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... causes the most desirable red and green gem colors. |
Chromium
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1235
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... processes can synthesize gems that closely resemble natural gems. |
Solution
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1249
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Jadeite is often treated with a combination of …(2)
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bleaching and impregnation
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1263
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... is the most important historical ruby source.
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Mogok, Myanmar,
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1277
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Blue sapphires from ... are preferred in some markets, including Japan.
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Sri Lanka
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1291
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Emerald’s fractures are often filled with (2) or a mixture of both.
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oil or resin
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1305
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Tanzanite is almost always ... to bring out its more attractive blue and violet hues. |
heat-treated
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1319
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Cat’s-eye chrysoberyl’s chatoyancy is caused by light reflecting from ... within the gemstone. |
fine needle-like inclusions
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1333
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... supplies the world with rough for much of its commercial calibrated peridot.
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Arizona
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1347
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where were first freshwater pearls
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Lake Biwa Japan
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1361
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what year did french poly govt issue nacre thickness standards
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2001
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1375
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primary mining amethyst
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Brazil and Africa
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1389
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finest quality smoky quartz
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deep reddish brown like chrry wood; orange red pleochroic flashes
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1403
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primary mining rose quartz
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brazil
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1417
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what kind of quartz crystalite is chalcedony?
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cryptocrystalline quartz |
1431
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