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103 Cards in this Set

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A mixture of clear varnish and fish scales used in making imitation pearls.

Essence d’orient
3

Mining economics are affected by…what 7 factors?

demand, political climate, labor costs, environment, accessibility, type of deposit, and mining methods
17
Visible face-up color zoning that the cutter was unable to conceal.
Unintended color zoning
31
In general, attractive colored stones tend to have …
highly saturated hues and medium to medium-dark tone
45
Localized changes caused by an igneous intrusion that takes place where the magma meets the surrounding rock. New minerals may form due to temperature changes or introduction of fluids from the magma.
Contact metamorphism
59
An igneous rock formed from cooling, once-molten granite that follows fractures in its surrounding rock. It may contain very large crystals, and its shape is often thin and contorted.
Pegmatite
73
Combo of silicon and oxygen
silica
87
Nephrite’s greens don’t reach the ... of jadeite’s greens.
saturation or attractiveness
101
The color or colors in a gemstone’s color range considered by the trade to be the most desirable.
Fine color
115
3 factors... all contributed to the decline of the natural pearl industry.
Pearl culturing, plastic buttons, and oil drilling
129
Any break in a gem other than cleavage or parting.
Fracture
143
Atoms in a gem that aren’t part of its essential chemical composition.
Trace elements
157
Most colored stones are sold by ...
weight
171
The ... provides a common language for evaluating pearls.
GIA Pearl Description System
185
Cutting style with triangular or kite-shaped facets that radiate from the center toward the girdle.
Brilliant cut
199
A cutting style that combines brilliant-cut and step-cut facets.
Mixed cut
213
The market demands ... cutting and proportions in gems cut from relatively available, moderately priced rough.
precise
227
The definitions of ... topaz can vary widely.
imperial
241
A selection of goods loaned to a dealer by another wholesaler or a gem cutter.
Consignment
255
Characteristic or irregularity confined to the surface of a polished gemstone.
Blemish
269
Group of fine needle-like inclusions.
Silk
283
In general, patterns of large, closely arranged ... are preferred in opal.
color patches
297
apatite, beryl
hexagonal (2)
311
toughness of quartz and spinel
good toughness
325
14 gems colored by iron
Peridot, yellow sapphire, golden beryl, chrysoberyl, aquamarine, red garnets, almandite, yellow to orange grossularite, emeralds (bluish/darker), iolite, orthoclase feldspar, brown to orange chalcedony, nephrite jade, indicolite
339
Weathered, thin-skinned jadeite boulders.
River jade
353
The different ways a gem breaks are called (3)
cleavage, parting, and fracture
367
Tiny, parallel grooves on a facet surface left by the polishing operation.
Polish lines
381
... is the major source of the finest-quality amethyst.
Africa
395
What three minerals are in lapis?
pyrite, calcite, lazurite
409
What stone forms in dry, barren regions with acidic copper rich groundwater seeps downward>
turquoise
423
A crystallized form of calcium carbonate found in nacre.
Aragonite
437
A pearl that forms without human assistance.
Natural pearl
451
color range - rhodochrosite
subtle pink to cherry red; can have soft edges of white, gray, brown and yellow
465
color element - ruby
Chromium trace element
479
Describe thai rubies.
darker, lack rutile silk
493
8 imitations for ruby
Glass, natural spinel, red garnet, synthetic CZ, dyed natural corundum, quench crackled quartz, doublet (natural & synthetic)
507
Mining location for blue sapphire (6)
Myanmar - some of the best; Sri Lanka - mid to high end; Commercial - Thailand, Cambodia, Australia, Madagascar
521
Describe a Thai blue sapphire
Thai - can get greenish; darker and inky
535
Filling of pores or other openings with melted wax, resin, polymer, or plastic to improve appearance and stability.
Colorless impregnation
549
Altering a gem’s appearance by applying backings, coatings, or coloring agents like paint.
Surface modification
563
Alexandrite imitations (6)
natural corundum, granet, spinal; never as good as color as alexandrite synthetic corundum, synthetic spinal, assembled quartz
577
Commercial-quality stones are generally calibrated, and judged more by the ... than by their individual quality factors.
price per stone
591
Source of best andalusite?
Brazil - best hues; dark green body color and a rare rose-red bodycolor
605
How does colorless become blue topaz?
irradiation and heating
619
Gem - trade name "precious topaz"
sherry topaz
633
color range helidor
rich shades of yellow and gold
647
Gems produced by natural processes, without human help.
Natural gems
661
gem trade name "water of the sea"
aquamarine
675
Why is green beryl not emerald?
lacks color saturation
689
Primary mining opal
Australia - 90%; New South Wales - Lightening Ridge (Black Opal)
703

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717
What kind of feldspar is labradorite?
calcium/sodium feldspar

731

What two feldspar species combine to be moonstone?

combo of two feldspar species - albite & orthoclase (create layers during cooling)
745

Inclusions in sunstones

small inclusions give sunstone a reddish or golden sheen while larger inclusions create glittering reflections
759

Colorless sapphire has been marketed as an inexpensive naturalsubstitute for ...

diamond
773
treatments for kunzite
rosy color from colorless or light-colored spodumene from irradiation; can still fade
787
Large stones with ... color are more common in some colored stone species than in others.
fine
801
Most defects in colored stone proportions are compromises made by the cutter to produce ... viable gems.
economically
815
Describe liddicoatite tourmaline.
liddicoatite - rich in calcium, lithium, aluminum; pegmatites; diverse colors in complex zoned patterns
829
color element - paraiba?
copper
843
finest quality - red and pink tourmaline?
finest, most saturated purplish red or red tourmaline, then pink
857
color element - peridot
iron, part of gem's composition
871

color element red spinel

chromium
885
most important green garnet?
tsavorite
899

A process where the electrons that selectively absorb light are passed back and forth between neighboring impurity ions.

Charge transfer
913
Iridescence seen in some natural and cultured pearls and mother-of-pearl.
Orient
927
color range for spessartite
pale yellowish orange through brigh torange to dark brownish red; lighter tone than almandite
941
what kind of garnet is uvarovite?
calcium garnet (uvarovite)
955
The most valuable red coral is an intense red that dealers call ...
oxblood
969
color range demantoid
yellowish or brownish green hue to a rare intense emerald green; always some yellow
983
what kind of gem is tapazolite?
garnet
997
A process in which the synthetic crystal grows from a seed that is dipped into a chemical melt, then pulled away as it gathers material.
Pulling
1011
color element in lavendar jadeite
iron and oxygen
1025
mining (6) nephrite
New Zealand (green stone); BC Canada (polar jade); China, Russia, Taiwan, US
1039
Other sources for current calcareous coral
Naples' craftsmen work with Japanese, Malaysian, and Filipino coral
1053
what is ammonite?
fossilized remains of hard-shelled, squid like marine mollusks that lived between 65 and 395 mill years ago; resemble chambered nautilus
1067

Light-colored or colorless spodumene is … and …(2) to produce kunzite’s rosy color, but the color— treated or natural—can fade under heat or bright light.

irradiated and then carefully heated
1081
shape of fluorite crystals
cube
1095

An ... is turquoise’s most-prized color.

intense, uniform, medium blue
1109
describe moldovite
irregularly and sometimes intricately shaped glassy nodules and blobs containing gas bubbles
1123
two types of emerald host rocks
metamorphic or sedementary rock; most mined in regions with metamorphic rocks where pegmatites intersect with schists (Brazil and Zambia); Columbia - sedimentary rock environments in hydrothermal veins; fault lines from Andes sedimentary layers formed fault lines; lines provided pathways for hot, mineral rich fluids to rise and grow
1137

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1151

5 treatements pearls

bleached, tinted, dyed, irradiated, coated
1165

... belong to a group of minerals with the same crystal structure but slightly different chemical composition.

Garnets
1179

... most valuable red garnet—has a dark purplish red to light reddish purple hue.

Rhodolite—the
1193
Gemstone sizes cut to fit standard mountings.
Calibrated sizes
1207
A mixture of gem qualities that represents unsorted production from a particular mine.
Mine lot (mine run)
1221

... causes the most desirable red and green gem colors.

Chromium
1235

... processes can synthesize gems that closely resemble natural gems.

Solution
1249
Jadeite is often treated with a combination of …(2)
bleaching and impregnation
1263
... is the most important historical ruby source.
Mogok, Myanmar,
1277
Blue sapphires from ... are preferred in some markets, including Japan.
Sri Lanka
1291
Emerald’s fractures are often filled with (2) or a mixture of both.
oil or resin
1305

Tanzanite is almost always ... to bring out its more attractive blue and violet hues.

heat-treated
1319

Cat’s-eye chrysoberyl’s chatoyancy is caused by light reflecting from ... within the gemstone.

fine needle-like inclusions
1333
... supplies the world with rough for much of its commercial calibrated peridot.
Arizona
1347
where were first freshwater pearls
Lake Biwa Japan
1361
what year did french poly govt issue nacre thickness standards
2001
1375
primary mining amethyst
Brazil and Africa
1389
finest quality smoky quartz
deep reddish brown like chrry wood; orange red pleochroic flashes
1403
primary mining rose quartz
brazil
1417
what kind of quartz crystalite is chalcedony?

cryptocrystalline quartz

1431