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103 Cards in this Set
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trade term for blue tourmaline |
indicolite
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1 |
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Some of the largest and most perfect gem crystals come from…
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pegmatites
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15
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Degree of darkness or lightness of a color.
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Tone |
29
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Consistent procedures are very important when ... colored stones.
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grading
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43
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chrysoprase chalcedony
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gems colored by nickel
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57
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Circulation in the mantle that drives the movement of the earth’s plates.
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Mantle convection
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71
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Pertaining to igneous activity at the earth’s surface, where magma erupts through a volcano or a fissure. |
Volcanic
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85
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In general, the intense global demand for jadeite exceeds …
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production
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99
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Areas of different color in a gem, caused by variations in growth conditions.
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Color zoning
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113
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Natural pearl formation starts when a ... gets inside a pearl-bearing mollusk’s shell and irritates its soft tissue. |
foreign object
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127
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How heavy an object is in relation to its size.
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Density
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141
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A hollow cavity in a gem, filled with a liquid, a gas, and one or more crystals.
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Three-phase inclusion
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155
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Features used to judge the quality and value of pearls. |
Value factors
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169
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Opal that lacks play-of-color.
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Potch opal
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183
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With all the cultured pearl types available, there’s an affordable ____ and ____ for almost everyone.
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type and quality
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197
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A design engraved into the surface of a gemstone.
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Intaglio
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211
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Cutters often use ... to retain as much weight as possible with expensive, rare, high-quality rough.
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proportion variations
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225
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Because many topaz crystals are ... they’re often cut as long ovals, pears, or emerald cuts.
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elongated
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239
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The US state of Utah is the world’s only known source of ...
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red beryl
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253
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A trade term for polymerimpregnated turquoise.
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Stabilized turquoise
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267
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Contrast between an inclusion and its host gem.
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Relief
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281
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The rarest play-of-color contains hues that range …
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across the entire spectrum
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295
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diamond, spinel, garnet, fluorite
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Cubic (4)
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309
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toughness of nephrite and jadeite
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exceptional toughness
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323
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5 gems from Myanmar
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jadeite, peridot, tourmaline, sapphire, and spinel
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337
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The finest texture category of jadeite.
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Old mine
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351
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The shapes and sizes of ... affect the shapes and sizes of finished stones.
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rough gem crystals
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365
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An angular, hollow space within a gem that resembles a mineral inclusion.
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Negative crystal
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379
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The finest amethysts are a …
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strongly saturated, medium-dark to dark reddish purple or purple, with no visible color zoning
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393
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Where was lapis discovered?
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Bactria (now Afghanistan)
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407
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What is asmani lapis?
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light blue lapis, much like the color of chambray denim
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421
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Describe color of blue john fluorite? |
bluish violet to purple curved or angular bands appear on a reddish to colorless background
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435
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The nacreous layer inside a pearlbearing mollusk’s shell.
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Mother-of-pearl
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449
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Color range - calcite onyx marble
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calcite with bands of grays and whites
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463
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Three types of rock for ruby?
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best in metamorphic rock (marble); alkali basalt; metosomatic
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477
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World's largest corundum marketing center (nation)
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Thailand
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491
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Three major markets (nations) for rubies
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US, Japan, France
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505
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7 inclusions blue sapphire
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better than rubies; silk, needles, included crystals, fingerprints, growth zoning, color zoning, banding; Kashmir velvety are more expensive
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519
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Describe a Pailin/Cambodian blue sapphire
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Pailin/Cambodian - greenish; smaller sizes
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533
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What is green tanzanite?
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Green tanzanite - discovered 1991; chromium; "Chrome tanzanite"; emerald alternative, a bit brownish
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547
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Heating a wrapped opal until smoke or ash penetrates its surface to darken it and bring out its play-of-color.
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Smoke treatment
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561
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primary mining (2) alexandrite
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Sri Lanka (larger than Russian, less desirable colors); Brazil's Minas Gerias (anarchy incident at mine)
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575
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Stones pass through many hands before they reach the consumer, and there’s a ... at every step.
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price increase
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589
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Is andalusite pleochroic?
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yes, pronounced, viewable through crown
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603
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two main treatments for topaz
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heating radiation
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617
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What is color range of imperial topaz?
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medium reddish orange to orange red; Brazil says it includes yellow; widely varies
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631
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gem - trade name "yellow or golden beryl"
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helidor
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645
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Composed of, or arising from, non-living matter. |
Inorganic
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659
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mining for red beryl (1)
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ONLY Wah Wah mountains of Utah; closed in 2000s
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673
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1 type synethetic aquamarine
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Russians produce hydrothermal synthetic aquamarine, not widely available
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687
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4 opal treatments
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Sugar treatment and Smoke treatment, impregnation, fracture filling
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701
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What is fire opal?
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Fire opal - bg color from trasnparent to translucent reds and oranges to yellow; might or might not show play of color; color from iron impurities; valued by hue, not phenomenon
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715
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What kind of feldspar is amazonite?
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potassium feldspar
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729
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what kind of stone is moonstone?
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feldspar
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743
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What two stones can be sunstone?
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orthoclase sunstone (monoclinic) plagioclase sunstone (triclinic crystal system)
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757
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Recent years have seen an increase in the supply of …(2) sapphires from East Africa.
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yellow and orange
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771
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color range - kunzite
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Light pink to violetish purple colors; light pink is common
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785
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type of gem - malocolite
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diopside
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799
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Larger stones can appear more ... than smaller stones cut from the same rough.
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saturated
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813
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What are the 5 species of tourmaline?
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species of tourmaline - elbaite, liddicoatite, dravite, uvite, schorl
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827
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what trace elements are in paraibas?
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large amounts of trace elements of manganese and copper
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841
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What three components color red and pink tourmaline?
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manganese, some titanium, some color centers
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855
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what is the most affordable untreated stone?
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peridot
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869
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What stone was confused with rubies until the 1800s?
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spinel
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883
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mining (1) pyrope
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Czech Republic
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897
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Crossing of chatoyant bands, creating a star in the dome of a cabochon.
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Asterism
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911
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A two-toned effect seen when a chatoyant gem is positioned at right angles to a light source. |
Milk and honey
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925
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host rocks (2) for spessartite?
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pegmatite and metamorphic rocks
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939
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color range andradite?
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yellowish to yellowish green
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953
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The Baltic Sea region and the Dominican Republic are ... principal sources. |
amber’s
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967
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what kind of garnet is demantoid
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andradite garnet
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981
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what kind of garnet is a mandarin garnet?
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spessartite garnet
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995
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Any material that looks like a natural gem and is used in its place.
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Imitation gem
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1009
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what kind of mineral type is jadeite?
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pyroxenes - common rock forming minerals that contain calcium, sodium, magnesium, iron, or aluminum that occur in short crystals
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1023
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what kind of mineral type is nephrite?
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amphibole - complex silicate materials with similar crystal structures that contain calcium, sodiu, magnesium, aluminum and iron atoms
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1037
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treatments for calcareous coral
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dyed light calcereous to make it darker; easily removed with nail polish remover
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1051
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what shell has iridescence
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abolone
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1065
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Sunstone from Oregon isn’t ... a feature that producers use as a selling point.
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treated,
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1079
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color of benitoite
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sapphire like color; rarely pink
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1093
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People value ... for its combination of ancient heritage and attractive color.
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turquoise
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1107
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treatment kyanite
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no treatments
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1121
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high pleochroic stones (4)
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tanzanite, iolite, chrysoberyl, andalusite
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1135
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care for emerald
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gentle scrubbing with warm soapy water
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1149
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What is nacre?
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nacre - micrscopic platelets of aragonite (crystalized form of calcium carbonate) & conchiolin (binding agent, similar to hair and fingernails
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1163
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(2) are rarely treated.
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garnet and spinel
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1177
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... is the transparent orange to cinnamon-colored variety of the grossularite species.
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Hessonite
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1191
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5 gems synthetized by flux growth
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emerald, ruby, sapphires, alexandrites, spinels
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1205
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A discounted price for buying an entire parcel or a substantial part of it.
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Lot price
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1219
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Some colored gems can be identified by the way they absorb …
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visible light |
1233
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Most synthetic gem crystals are produced by either a (2) process.
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melt or a solution |
1247
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Commonly irradiated gems include (3)
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topaz, tourmaline, and cultured pearl |
1261
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... is the world’s largest corundum marketing center, exporting most of the faceted commercial-quality rubies on the market. |
Thailand
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1275
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US consumers buy about ... of the blue sapphires on the world market.
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half |
1289
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The trade accepts the fact that most emeralds contain …
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eyevisible inclusions |
1303
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The best tanzanite color is a …
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strongly saturated pure blue or violetish blue
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1317
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Currently, ... is so scarce that it has virtually disappeared from the marketplace except as an expensive collector’s gem.
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fine alexandrite
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1331
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Because peridot is sensitive to rapid temperature changes and chemicals, it’s best cleaned with … |
warm water and mild detergent or soap |
1345
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when did akoya start dying off
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1990
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1359
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tahitian range and average |
8-17 mm; 9-11 mm average
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1373
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finest color amethyst
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strongly saturated violetish purple to reddish purple |
1387
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color element smoky quartz
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color centers with natural irradiation on aluminum impurities |
1401
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color range rose quartz
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very light pink to med dark pink |
1415
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what is unique about the chatoyancy of Hawk's eye and tiger's eye? |
no need for domed surface to see chatoyancy |
1429
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