Cognitive Psychology Test 2

Front 1

Selectivity

Back 1

focusing processing on subset of stimuli --> selective attention

Front 2

capacity limitations

Back 2

limited ability to handle different tasks or stimuli at once --> divided attention

Front 3

sustained mental effort

Back 3

limited ability to engage in protracted thought, especially on same subject --> vigilance

Front 4

according to Collin Cherry, what happens when a subject tries to comprehend messages from both ears

Back 4

the subject fails

Front 5

what happens when a subject shadows one ear

Back 5

cant report contents of unattended ear

shadowing is better with pitch difference

Front 6

what is noticed and what is not when shadowing an ear

Back 6

change in pitch or disappearance of message is noticed but change in language is not

Front 7

during Moray's experiment, when a subject heard a prose passage in one ear and a list of repeated words in the other what happened

Back 7

given a recognition test of whether or not the repeated word was on the list and the subject said no

Front 8

subjects have virtually ____ of unattended objects in visual version of dichotic listening; what is this called

Back 8

no memory, inattentional blindness

Front 9

What is broadbent's filter theory

Back 9

input --> initial sensory processing --> filter --> recognition

Front 10

broadbent's filter theory is aka

Back 10

early selection model

Front 11

broadbent's filter thory

Back 11

attentional filter that lets through stimuli w/certain basic features; only info that passes filter receive further analysis

Front 12

if you are given a direction in the unattended ear w/name, what happens

Back 12

you are more likely to notice

due to the cocktail party effect

Front 13

in terms of selection of attention what comes early and what comes later

Back 13

basic features (pitch, location, size)

meaning and shape

Front 14

people follow the meaning so...

Back 14

people tend to jump messages between ears

Front 15

since people jump messages between ears, selection happens later. why

Back 15

meaning of the unattended msg is processed

Front 16

late selection theory

Back 16

filtering occurs after all stimulus input is analyzed to point of recognition; after only relevant info is noticed and remembered

Front 17

late selection model path

Back 17

input --> feature analysis/detection --> recognition --> filter

Front 18

according to the late selection theory, what happens in regards to the cocktail party effect

Back 18

when name is heard, it is dismissed because it is not relevant to task at hand

Front 19

intermediate position

Back 19

rejected msgs are not completely blocked but are attenuated

Front 20

true or false

unattended stimuli dont usually cause their detectors to reach threshold, unless the detector has been primed

Back 20

true

Front 21

unattended info has an influence when

Back 21

that info is particularly relevant or frequent

Front 22

according to the intermediate position when are distracters filtered out

Back 22

early in processing

Front 23

spatial detection is enhanced by

Back 23

spatial attention

Front 24

true or false

subjects are slower to detect stimuli that appear in attended locations

Back 24

false, faster

Front 25

is it possible to voluntarily enhance processing of a stimulus

Back 25

yes, only if there is high validity and that the warning signal correctly primes what is to come

Front 26

what is significance of erps

Back 26

its speed

Front 27

when objects appear in our field of view, what can be observed

Back 27

a characteristic pattern of electrical activity

Front 28

left visual neglect

Back 28

inability or difficulty attended to left side of visual space or of an object; caused by lesion in right hemisphere

Front 29

what is significant of the line bisection task of left visual neglect patients

Back 29

because of the condition, they only see the left side of the line so the bisection is skewed

Front 30

fusiform area

Back 30

part of the visual system in humans that responds in the perception of faces

Front 31

the fusiform face area is a demonstration of late or early selection

Back 31

early selection

Front 32

in visual neglect, when does the deficit effect processing

Back 32

after sensory processing and recognition

Front 33

spotlight effect

Back 33

focus of attention

Front 34

visual neglect may be an example of a deficit in late or early selection

Back 34

late selection

Front 35

psychological refractory period

Back 35

if 2 tasks are spread far enough apart in time, no interference is observed

Front 36

when performing two very simple tasks at the same time what is observed

Back 36

interference; there is a slight delay between tasks

Front 37

in a visual search for one cue

Back 37

reaction time does not significantly increase as number of distractors increases

Front 38

in a visual search for a conjunction of cues

Back 38

higher order analysis of integration of multiple features is required and reaction time rises with the number of distractors

Front 39

propositional mental imagery

Back 39

represented like any other kind of info; sentence like descriptions

Front 40

analog mental imagery

Back 40

representation that maintains the properties of or otherwise functions in manner functionally similar to real image

Front 41

pylyshn proposed that the pattern of effects from mental imagery tasks were due to

Back 41

demand characteristics

Front 42

demand characteristics

Back 42

behavior that correlates or not w/what experiment is designed to find

Front 43

as rotation of a mental image increases, reaction time...

Back 43

increases

Front 44

when imagining two different sized objects, why is it harder to disect the info regarding the smaller one

Back 44

the smaller object requires the brain to zoom down to focus attention to its smaller features

Front 45

near threshold discrimination

Back 45

among a homogeneous background, a slight difference in gradiance appears

Front 46

true or false

imagining in one modality does not interfere across modalities

Back 46

true

Front 47

para-hippocampal place area (PPA)

Back 47

recognition of places

in front of FFA

next to the hippocampus

Front 48

true or false

seeing a face/place activates different neurons as when a face/place is imagined

Back 48

false; same neurons

Front 49

are mental images very different from pictures

Back 49

no, they are highly similar

Front 50

if given a picture that can be interpreted two ways but subject can only see one, what should he do

Back 50

draw the image and he will be able to reinterpret it

Front 51

what is imagery built out of

Back 51

long term memory representations

Front 52

why does imagery aid LTM

Back 52

more easily imagined items on a list are remembered better than more abstract ones

Front 53

LTM of pictures experiment revealed

Back 53

that people are incredibly accurate at recognizing photos

Front 54

Boundary extension

Back 54

when storing visual scenes in memory, we store more than we see

we make inferences about the edges

Front 55

repeated stimuli cause a(n) increase/decrease in the amount of APs fired

Back 55

decrease

Front 56

scene showed close then widened

Back 56

eyes adapt, lowered APs fired, brain sees both images as one but shown twice

Front 57

scene showed widened then close

Back 57

constant AP activity, brain sees images as different; no neural fatigue

Front 58

altered imagery

Back 58

some ppl are either born with or have neurological deficits that give them extraordinary imagery abilities

Front 59

synesthesia

Back 59

one sensory input leads to multiple sensory inputs

stimulation of one sensory system leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in different sensory systems

Front 60

color-grapheme synesthesia

Back 60

letters and numbers are perceived as being inherently colored

heritable trait

letter area and color areas in brain are close

Front 61

charles bonnet syndrome

Back 61

retinal degeneration causes blind spots in visual field

brain receives no input from eyes at those locations even though the cortical neurons are still firing, so the brain fills it in

Front 62

short term memory is aka

Back 62

working memory

Front 63

James made the distinction between what two types of memory systems

Back 63

primary and secondary

Front 64

what type of learning were behaviorists interested in

Back 64

the time course learning S-R relationships

Front 65

Hull proposed that forgetting of a S-R relationship was due to

Back 65

decay of the memory trace

Front 66

characteristics of early sensory processing

Back 66

very rapid decay

unprocessed

vulnerable

Front 67

characteristics of STM

Back 67

fixed # of slots

decays unless rehearsed

Front 68

characteristics of LTM

Back 68

unlimited capacity

hard to get stuff in

Front 69

what is a free recall task

Back 69

subject hears list of items then says/writes down all that can be remembered

Front 70

primacy of a list of words is due to

Back 70

privileged rehearsal for better LTM encoding

Front 71

recency of a list of words is due to

Back 71

STM contribution

Front 72

true or false

serial position effects are consistent over different sizes

Back 72

true

Front 73

anterograde amnesia (HM)

Back 73

unable to learn most new information in LTM

normal STM

Front 74

short term memory disorder (KF)

Back 74

closed head injury

digit span of 1 item and below average on STM tests

LTM is unimpaired

Front 75

maintenance rehearsal

Back 75

rote mechanical process, usually requires little effort, but is most effective for short term retention

Front 76

elaborative rehearsal

Back 76

involves active thinking about the to be remembered material, how it relates to itself, or other aspects of the surroundings, or your previous knowledge

Front 77

which type of rehearsal leads to better long term retention

Back 77

elaborative

Front 78

is the quality of long term retention correlated with the amount of maintenance rehearsal

Back 78

no, the quality of long term retention was not correlated with the amount of maintenance rehearsal

Front 79

shallow processing

Back 79

words of same typeface

Front 80

medium processing

Back 80

words that rhyme

Front 81

deep processing

Back 81

synonyms

Front 82

incidental learning

Back 82

learning that occurs because there is some sort of relationship

Front 83

intentional learning

Back 83

learning that occurs because a conscious effort is made to remember something

Front 84

why are highlighters not good

Back 84

they raise points w/o meaning from the rest of the paragraph

Front 85

generation effect

Back 85

a paragraph is better remembered if condensed and told in own words than just reading it or someone telling you some wrong shiat

Front 86

which is better: hand written or typed notes

Back 86

hand written

Front 87

what is the point of making predictions of what will be learned next

Back 87

even if wrong, it serves as an additional memory cue because you are connecting the prediction with reality

Front 88

what do flashcards implement

Back 88

the spacing effect

Front 89

spacing effect

Back 89

spreading out study time throughout period of time

the more spacing, the better memory

Front 90

working memory

Back 90

cognitive system that allows maintenance of info in an active state so that it is available for immediate processing

Front 91

true or false

there is minimal interference between 2 verbal or 2 visual loads and substantial interference between verbal and visual STM loads

Back 91

false; minimal interference between verbal and visual STM loads and substantial interference between 2 verbal or 2 visual loads

Front 92

short term memory is divided into what 3 parts

Back 92

visuo-spacial

central executive

verbal

Front 93

phonological buffer

Back 93

verbal info is taken in and soon decays unless rehearsed by the subvocal area

Front 94

Phonological similarity --> span test

Back 94

more likely to remember non-confusable (dissimilar sounding) list of letters

Front 95

chunking is what type of rehearsal

Back 95

elaborative

Front 96

what is the standard estimate of the capacity of the phonological buffer

Back 96

7 +/- 2 chunks

Front 97

chunk

Back 97

meaningful unit of info

Front 98

chunking allows storage of greater amounts of info because

Back 98

information is packaged more efficiently

Front 99

about how many words can ppl generally remember

Back 99

as many as they can say in 2 seconds

Front 100

the result that people can remember about as many words that they can say in 2 seconds supports the notion of

Back 100

articulatory rehearsal of phonological information

Front 101

if the presentation rate of a list of words is increased, what is effected and in what way

Back 101

the effects of the beginning and middle parts of the list are decreased

Front 102

double dissociation

Back 102

combination of time manipulation and delayed response manipulation

Front 103

what does a double dissociation produce

Back 103

no effect in primacy or mid line but a degradation of recency

Front 104

semantic priming

Back 104

similar words appear but so fast you dont process in STM, but there are lingering effects in LTM

Front 105

brain activity increases/decreases with each remembered object

Back 105

increases

Front 106

posner's theory of spatial attention

Back 106

disengage: stop attending to current stimulus

move: switch focus to different stimulus

engage: begin attending to new stimulus

Front 107

does any similarity between context at encoding and retrieval enhance memory performance

Back 107

yes

Front 108

state dependent learning

Back 108

location, state of mind, and environment matter when studying

Front 109

if you imagine a physical, emotional, or mental state, you cannot perform just as well as if it was reality

Back 109

false, you can perform just as well

Front 110

two types of information in memory regarding recognition

Back 110

source information and familiarity

Front 111

source information

Back 111

knowledge about the specific context that a stimulus was encountered

Front 112

familiarity

Back 112

simple feeling that one has encountered something

Front 113

what are the three ways to prime a word

Back 113

giving no context (showing form only)

context (meaning emphasized, form available)

generate (meaning only is processed)

Front 114

implicit memory

Back 114

memory not consciously stored

Front 115

explicit memory

Back 115

memory consciously attempted to be learned

Front 116

recognition vs stem completion

healthy subjects perform well on

Back 116

recognition and stem completion

Front 117

recognition vs stem completion

healthy and amnesiac subjects both perform well on

Back 117

stem completion

Front 118

anterograde amnesia

Back 118

inability to remember events after trauma

Front 119

retrograde amnesia

Back 119

inability to remember events prior to trauma

Front 120

why do amnesics perform just as well as healthy subjects on the stem completion test

Back 120

initial exposure primed the words

Front 121

schema

Back 121

high level of knowledge about familiar situations or sequence of events

Front 122

DRM procedure

Back 122

given list of words and ppl say that a thematic word is on the list even when experimenter warns the subject

Front 123

decay of traces

Back 123

memories just decay

Front 124

retrieval failure

Back 124

memory is there, but cannot access it

Front 125

interference

Back 125

learning new stuff interferes with the old

Front 126

retroactive interference

Back 126

disruption of things already learned and committed to memory

Front 127

proactive interference

Back 127

disruption of the recall of new information

Front 128

what you learn while awake is _____ while sleeping

Back 128

solidified and consolidated

Front 129

misinformation can cause

Back 129

false memories or alter memories altogether

Front 130

people who are given misled information give slower/faster responses

Back 130

faster

Front 131

change blindness supports what aspect of attention

Back 131

selectivity

Front 132

ERPs support which selection theory

Back 132

early

Front 133

single unit recordings support which selection theory

Back 133

early

Front 134

attentional blink supports which selection model

Back 134

late