Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
249 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
CH10
p224 Essential AA's |
Histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine
|
|
|
CH10
p224 Produceable AA's |
Alanine (Ala)
Asparagine (Asn) Aspartic acid (Asp) Cysteine (Cys) Glutamic acid (Glu) Glutamine (Gln) Glycine (Gly) Proline (Pro) Serine (Ser) Tyrosine (Tyr) |
|
|
CH10
p224 What is a product of phenylalanine |
Tyrosine
|
|
|
Aside
CH10 What enzymes cleave to produce AA's Where are AA's absorbed? |
Proteolytic
Small intestine |
|
|
CH10
p224 What is the primary function of AAs Other functions |
Produce body proteins
Specifically: Plasma Intracellular Structural Source of N in nonprotein compounds Purines & Pyrimidines - DNA Porphyrins - Hemoglobin Creatine - ENG for muscle http://www.infolizer.com/?title=creatine+phosphate+system Histamine - ? Thyroxine - hormone Epinephrine - hormone coenzyme NAD - ? Secondly 12-20% total body energy requirement |
|
|
look up deamination/transamination
|
yeilds a keto acid which enters the C6H12O6 and lipid pathways
http://www.dentistry.leeds.ac.uk/biochem/lecture/enzymes/index.html - vitamin B6 |
|
|
CH10
p224 Arginine functions |
Cell division
Healing of wounds Stimulation of protein synthesis Immune function Release of hormones Generation of urea - removes toxic NH3 from body Creatine synthesis |
|
|
CH10
p224 Arginine location |
In the active site of proteins and enzymes
|
|
|
look up creatine-->creatinine
|
http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~blanch/Bob/creatinine.htm
|
|
|
CH10
p227 What does Aminoacidopathies mean? |
Inherited errors of metabolism wher an enzyme defect inhibits the body's ability to metabolize certain AAs
|
|
|
CH10
p228-233 What are the 9 main AAopathies? |
Phenylketonuria
Tyrosinemia Alkaptonuria Maple Syrup Urine Disease Isovaleric Acidemia Homocystinuria Citrullinemia Argininosuccinic Aciduria Cystinuria |
|
|
T1CH10
Phenylketonuria |
abs phenylalanine hydrozylase
phenylalanine -X- tyrosine Characteristic urine odor Aside - KUVAN INC activity of PAH enzyme |
|
|
T1CH10
Tyrosinemia |
ENZ defi
Tyrosine -X- catabolites -catabolites in urine 3Types T1 - def of fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase T2 - def of tyrosine aminotransferase T3 - def of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase TY,FUM,HY |
|
|
T1CH10
Alkaptonuria |
abs homogentistate oxidase
phenylalanine -X- tyrosine -X- Urine turns brown/black when mixes with air (accumulation of homogentistic acid) the acid accumulates leading to ochronosis (pigmentation and arthritis-like degen of catilage) |
|
|
T1CH10
Maple Syrup Urine Disease |
abs/DEC branched alphaketoacid decarboxylase
isoleucine -X- leucine -X- valine -X- |
|
|
T1CH10
Isovaleric Acidemia |
DEC isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase
leucine -X- Distinct odor of sweaty feet (buildup of isovaleric acid) |
|
|
Homocystinuria
|
Lack of cystathyionine beta synthetase
|
|
|
Citrullinemia
|
Urea cycle disorder - liver dysfunction in processing excess N
2Types: T1 - buildup of citruliline in blood def of argininosuccinic acid T2 - mutation of gene that codes for the synthesis of Citrin (helps transport molecules inside cells used in the productino anad breakdown of simple sugars |
|
|
Hyperphenylalanimeia
|
Lack of enzymes that synthesize/maintain BH4
Hydroxylates of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan Elevated levels of phenylalaine |
|
|
Argininosuccinic Aciduria
|
asdf
|
|
|
Cystinuria
|
asdf
|
|
|
T1CH4
Deffs Quality Assurance |
Measurement of the broader dimensions of quality from the perspective of the end users
IE Specimen acquisition Turnaround times Proficiency testing of materials |
|
|
T1CH4
Deffs Quality Control |
maintains consistency and validity: the validity of a test's methodology
|
|
|
T1CH4
Deffs Accuracy |
close to the goal targeted
|
|
|
T1CH4
Deffs Precision |
subsequent attempts are similar to the previous results
|
|
|
T1CH4
Deffs Descriptive Statistics |
foundation of monitoring objective performance
given the average (center), deviations (spread) and difficulty (shape) |
|
|
T1CH4
Deffs Reference Interval |
A pair of meidcal decision points that span a limits of results expected for a given condition
|
|
|
T1CH4
Deffs Random Error |
Error varies from sample to sample
Instrument instability Temperature variations Reagent variations Handling techniques Operator variables |
|
|
T1CH4
Deffs Sensitivity |
need deff
|
|
|
T1CH4
Deffs Specificity |
ability of a method to measure only the analyte of interest
|
|
|
T1CH4
Deffs Systematic Error |
Error always in one direction
|
|
|
T1CH4
Deffs Confidence Intervals |
Range of values that include a specified probablity
|
|
|
T1CH4
Deffs Six-Sigma performance |
Reducing variation by reducing error
|
|
|
T1CH4
calcs Sensitivity |
need deff
|
|
|
T1CH4
calcs Specificity |
need deff
|
|
|
T1CH4
calcs Efficiency |
need deff
|
|
|
T1CH4
calcs Predictive Value |
need deff
|
|
|
T1CH4
calcs Mean |
need deff
|
|
|
T1CH4
calcs Range |
need deff
|
|
|
T1CH4
calcs Variance |
need deff
|
|
|
T1CH4
calcs Standard Deviation |
need deff
|
|
|
T1CH4
Reference Intervals Types Uses Requirements |
asdf
|
|
|
T1CH4
Basic protocols used to verify/establish ref int |
sdasdf
|
|
|
T1CH4
Preanalytic Postanalytic |
asdf
|
|
|
T1CH1
Classifications of RGQ reagent grade water |
asdf
|
|
|
T1CH1
Deffs Primary standard |
asdf
|
|
|
T1CH1
Deffs SRM |
asdf
|
|
|
T1CH1
Deffs Secondary standard |
asdf
|
|
|
T1CH1
Unit analysis Percent |
fasdf
|
|
|
T1CH1
Unit analysis Molarity |
dfasd
|
|
|
T1CH1
Unit analysis Normality |
asdfa
|
|
|
T1CH1
Unit analysis Molality |
asdf
|
|
|
T1CH1
Unit analysis Saturation |
asdf
|
|
|
T1CH1
Unit analysis Saturation |
asdf
|
|
|
T1CH1
Unit analysis Colligative Properties |
asdf
|
|
|
T1CH1
Unit analysis Redox |
asdf
|
|
|
T1CH1
Unit analysis Conductivity |
asdf
|
|
|
T1CH1
Unit analysis Specific Gravity |
adf
|
|
|
T1CH1
Deffs Buffer |
asdf
|
|
|
T1CH1
Calcs pH and pK |
asdf
|
|
|
T1CH1
Calcs Henderson Hass |
asdf
|
|
|
T1CH1
Types of thermometers |
asdf
|
|
|
T1CH1
Types of pipets |
asdf
|
|
|
T1CH1
Proper usage of pipets |
asdf
|
|
|
T1CH1
Proper calibration |
asdf
|
|
|
T1CH1
Desiccant usage |
asdf
|
|
|
T1CH1
How to care and balance a centrifuge |
adf
|
|
|
T1CH1
Tyeps of samples |
adsf
|
|
|
T1CH1
General steps of processsing blood samples |
Correctly mathicng the analyte request and the pt
Criteria depends on the test requested Centrifued (UNLESS WHOLEBLOOD ANALYSIS!) Cooled Protect from Light Capped |
|
|
T1CH1
Beers Law finding the absorbance w/ concentration |
[substance] DIR amount of absorbance
[substance] IND log(transmitted light) THINK Intuitively! If there is more of something then it will absorb it If there is something more of something it will not transmit light |
|
|
T1CH1
Preanalytic variables and effects |
asdfasd
|
|
|
T1CH1
What doe CP mean? |
Chemically Pure/ultrapure
-uses MP to determine purity BUT preparation is not uniform and may need FURTHER PURIFICATION |
|
|
T1CH1
What are the TWO/FIVE best purity levels to be used in labs (inorganic)? |
CP and AR
THINK CP-AR breathing life into inorganics |
|
|
T1CH1
What does AR mean? |
Analytic reagent grade
INORGANIC GRADE |
|
|
T1CH1
There are five grades of INORGANIC purity, what are the other grades of purity? |
USP - US Pharmacopeia
NF - National Formulary -USP/NF to manufacture drugs (may or may not meet assay reqs) Technical/Commerical grade |
|
|
T1CH1
There are five grades of ORGANIC purity, what are they? |
Practical
Chemically Pure Spectroscopic Chromatographic Reagent Grade |
|
|
T1CH1
Biological fluids are used and also require a grade much like organic and inorganic materials, what are the THREE grades of BIOLOGICAL purity? |
Primary Standard
Standard Reference Matierals Secondary Standard |
|
|
T1CH1
What are the FIVE methods of purification of water? |
Distillation
Deionization Reverse Osmosis Prefiltration |
|
|
T1CH1
What are the SIX categories of reagent water? |
Clinical Laboratory RW
Special RW Instruemtn Feed W Manufacture W Autoclave/Wash W Commerically Purified W |
|
|
T1CH1
What is the difference between blood treated w/ anticoagulant? |
w/ ACoag
There is plasma and cellular components w/o ACoag There is serum and clot Serum has higher [K] than Plasma |
|
|
T1CH4
What are the measures of center? |
Mean, mode, medial
THINK STATS! |
|
|
T1CH4
What are the measures of spread? |
Range, Standard deviation, Coefficient variation
|
|
|
T1CH4
How do you measure the Coefficient variation? |
Taking the divisor of the standard deviation and mean
Multiply this by 100 to get a percentage |
|
|
T1CH4
What are the measures of shape? |
Normal distribution
-Think Stats- Kurtosis! Platy Lepto Skews! Positive (easy test) Negative (hard test) |
|
|
T1CH7
Deffs Double Diffusion Label? |
asdf
|
|
|
T1CH7
Deffs Radial Immunodiffusion Label? |
asdf
|
|
|
T1CH7
Deffs Immunoelectrophoresis Label? |
asdf
|
|
|
T1CH7
Deffs Immunofixation Electrophoresis Label? |
asd
|
|
|
T1CH7
Deffs Nephelometry Label? |
asdf
|
|
|
T1CH7
Deffs Turbidimetry Label? |
asfd
|
|
|
T1CH7
Deffs Competitive Immunoassay Label? |
asdf
|
|
|
T1CH7
Deffs Noncompetitive Immunoassay Label? |
asdf
|
|
|
T1CH7
Deffs ImmunoblotT1CH7 Label? Deffs Direct Immunocytochemistry |
asf
|
|
|
T1CH7
Deffs Indirect Immunocytochemistry Label? |
asdf
|
|
|
T1CH7
Deffs Immunophenotying by flow cytometry Label? Label |
asdf
|
|
|
T1CH7
What are the FOUR types of labels? |
Radioactive
Enzyme Luminescent Fluorescent THINK FlEnRaLu - FLENRALU!! |
|
|
T1CH7
Deffs Epitope |
Antigenic determinant
|
|
|
T1CH7
Deffs Immunogen |
Molecule binds induces the biologic response and synthesis of Ab
Semantics of ANTIGEN |
|
|
T1CH7
Deffs Hapten |
Low molecular weight Ag considered to have only one epitope
Affinity measurement Likelihood to bind/degree of complementary nature |
|
|
T1CH7
Forces of "antigenic determination" and Ab = attraction. |
1)GOODNESS OF FIT
2)NONCOVALENT INTERACTIONS Hydrophobic Hydrophilic H bonding VDW's THINK Chemistry!!! Just like molecular attraction |
|
|
T1CH7
Deffs Avidity |
Strength of binding of all Ab-epitope pairs: LIKELIHOOD OF SEPARATION
|
|
|
T1CH7
What is an Indirect Immunoassay? |
ANTIGEN are affixed to a solid media
Used to detect antibodies in a biological sample |
|
|
T1CH7
What is an Antibody Sandwhich Immunoassay? |
Measures antigen present in the biological fluid
Capture ANTIBODIES are affixed to the solid phase Second layer contains ANTIGEN Third layer contains LABELED SECONDARY ANTIBODY |
|
|
T1CH7
What is the function of DNA by Flow Cytometry? |
To distinguish between benign and malignant
It analyzes the peak of the anueploid by the peak of the diploid |
|
|
T1CH7
What does a DI >1 mean (DNA mod FlowCyt)? |
Hyperdiploid: There are more anueploid than diploid
|
|
|
T1CH7
What does a DI <1 mean? |
Hypodiploid: There are less anuepoid that diploid
|
|
|
T1CH7
What is the percentage of cells in S phase? |
Normally <5%
|
|
|
T1CH7
What is the general process behind Gel based Immunoassays? |
Ab is recognized
Mutivalent Ags are cross linked by multiple Abs Ag-Ab complexes to a size that reduces the interaction with water Complex precipitates = insolube = preciptin band Simple BUT less sensitive |
|
|
T1CH7
What is the general procedure behind the Double Diffusion immunoassay? |
Wells are cut and samples are poured into wells
6 Ab 1 Ag at the center Precipitin band is compared (known vs unknown) |
|
|
T1CH7
What is needed to test for monoclonal protein? |
Heavy chain class
Light chain type Antihuman whole Antihuman IgG Antihuman IgM Antihuman IgA Antihuman lambda Antihuman kappa |
|
|
T1CH7
Prealbumin function |
Transports protein for thyroxine, triiodothyronine
Binds with retinol binding protein = complex that transports retinol |
|
|
T1CH7
Prealbumin composition |
Rich in tryptophan
|
|
|
T1CH7
DEC Prealbumin = ? |
Hepatic damage
Acute phase inflammatory response Tissue necrosis Poor nutrional status |
|
|
T1CH7
Albumin function |
Transports hormones, iron, fatty acids
Binds to bilirubin, steroids, fatty acids Oncotic pressure [negative acute phase reactant] |
|
|
T1CH7
Albumin composition |
NA
|
|
|
T1CH7
DEC Albumin = ? |
Manutrition/malabsoprtion
Hepatic damage (early-Cirrhosis = INC globulins) Protein-losing enteropathy/GI loss as interstitial fluid leaks in inflammation (diarrhea) Efflux in urine = dysfunction in glomerulus Skin loss (burns/exfoliative dermatitis) Hypothyroidism Acute disease states Polydispia INC capillary permeability DEC lymph clearance Sepsis Analbuminemia (Genetic mutaton) - RARE Bisalbuminemia (Genetic mutation) - RARE |
|
|
T1CH7
INC Albumin = ? |
Seldom clinically important
Note dehydration, excessive albumin infusion |
|
|
T1CH10
If there is an abnormality in protein/albumin, what test is usually preformed? |
Electrophoresis!
|
|
|
T1CH10
What is BUN? |
Blood Urea Nitrogen!
Amount of N in urine |
|
|
T1CH10
What is MGUS |
Monoclonal Gammopathy of unknown significance
|
|
|
T1CH7
Binding is dependent on |
[reaCT]
Specificity Affinity and avidity Env conditions |
|
|
T1CH7
Binding is dependent on |
[reaCT]
Specificity Affinity and avidity Env conditions |
|
|
T1CH7
Turbidimetry measures what? |
Light transmitted
|
|
|
T1CH7
Nephelometry measures what? |
Light scattered
|
|
|
T1CH7
What are the THREE common enzyme labels? |
Horseradish peroxidase
Alkaline phosphatase GLC-7-Phos dehydrogenase THINK ENZ HAGs! EIA |
|
|
T1CH7
Nephelometry measures what? |
Light scattered
|
|
|
T1CH7
What are the FIVE common Fluoreescent labels? |
Fluorescein
Europium Phycoliliproteins Rhodamine B Umbelliferone FIA |
|
|
T1CH7
What are the THREE common enzyme labels? |
Horseradish peroxidase
Alkaline phosphatase GLC-7-Phos dehydrogenase EIA |
|
|
T1CH7
What are the FIVE common Fluoreescent labels? |
Fluorescein
Europium Phycoliliproteins Rhodamine B Umbelliferone FIA |
|
|
T1CH7
Binding is dependent on |
[reaCT]
Specificity Affinity and avidity Env conditions |
|
|
T1CH7
Turbidimetry measures what? |
Light transmitted
|
|
|
T1CH7
Nephelometry measures what? |
Light scattered
|
|
|
T1CH7
What are the THREE common enzyme labels? |
Horseradish peroxidase
Alkaline phosphatase GLC-7-Phos dehydrogenase EIA |
|
|
T1CH7
What are the FIVE common Fluoreescent labels? |
Fluorescein
Europium Phycoliliproteins Rhodamine B Umbelliferone FIA THINK European Umbreallas! Phyco, Rhod Fluo - all intuitively relate to Fluorescence |
|
|
T1CH7
What are the TWO common luminescent lables? |
Isoluminol
Acridinium esters CLA |
|
|
T1CH7
What are the TWO common radioactive labels? |
H^3
I^125 RIA |
|
|
T1CH7
What are the TWO approaches in fluorescent labels? |
Substitute fluorescent label for ENZ
Time resolved fluorescence immunoassay |
|
|
Go through the competitive immunoassay theory
|
Basically one is labeled one is not and takin into account the labeled while the unlabeled takes over
|
|
|
T1CH7
What are the THREE separation techniques of IMMUNOASSAYS? |
Adsorption
Precipitation Solid phase |
|
|
T1CH7
What does adsorption do? |
Uses particle to trap small antigens (w/ or w/o labels)
-uses charcoal and dextrans |
|
|
T1CH7
What does precipitation do? |
Environment is altered which afects the solubility
-uses Ammonium sulfate, sodium sulfate, PEG or ethanol |
|
|
Go through the competitive immunoassay theory
|
Basically one is labeled one is not and takin into account the labeled while the unlabeled takes over
|
|
|
T1CH7
What does solid phase do? |
Immobilize reagent antibody/antigen and separate free from bound labeled reactant after washing??
|
|
|
T1CH7
What are the THREE separation techniques for IMMUNOASSAY? |
Adsorption
Precipitation Solid phase |
|
|
T1CH7
How does rapid immunoassay work? |
Like a kit, fast, simple, no instrumentation
|
|
|
T1CH7
What are the types of RIA? |
Latex particles for visualizaton
Fluid flow and labeled reactant Changes in a physical/chemical property following bonging |
|
|
T1CH7
What does adsorption do? |
Uses particle to trap small antigens (w/ or w/o labels)
-uses charcoal and dextrans |
|
|
T1CH7
What is a Western blot? |
transfer technique used to detect specific antibodies
Remember the steps: Take the protein Separte w/ SDS-page Electrophores Segregate each partition in respective lanes Add antihuman IgHRP Add the pt antibody sample |
|
|
T1CH7
What does precipitation do? |
Environment is altered which afects the solubility
-uses Ammonium sulfate, sodium sulfate, PEG or ethanol |
|
|
T1CH7
What is flow cytometry used for? |
Based on cells transport under fluid pressure through laser beam
It evaluates foward light scatering and side light scattering |
|
|
T1CH7
What does solid phase do? |
Immobilize reagent antibody/antigen and separate free from bound labeled reactant after washing??
|
|
|
T1CH7
How does rapid immunoassay work? |
Like a kit, fast, simple, no instrumentation
|
|
|
T1CH7
What are the types of RIA? |
Latex particles for visualizaton
Fluid flow and labeled reactant Changes in a physical/chemical property following bonging |
|
|
T1CH7
What is a Western blot? |
transfer technique used to detect specific antibodies
Remember the steps: Take the protein Separte w/ SDS-page Electrophores Segregate each partition in respective lanes Add antihuman IgHRP Add the pt antibody sample |
|
|
T1CH7
What is flow cytometry used for? |
Based on cells transport under fluid pressure through laser beam
It evaluates foward light scatering and side light scattering |
|
|
T1CH7
What does the foward light scattering measure |
SIZE
|
|
|
T1CH7
What does the side light scattering measure? |
Granularity of cell
|
|
|
T1CH6
What are the THREE approaches to automation? |
Continuous flow
Centrifugal analysis Discrete analyis |
|
|
T1CH6
What is Continuous Flow? |
Liquids are introduced through a system of continuous tubing
Sequential manner |
|
|
T1CH6
What is Centrifugal Analysis? |
Force of centrifugation transfers and contains liquids
Batch analysis |
|
|
T1CH6
What is Discrete Analysis**? |
Sepration of each sample and reagent in a separate container
Multiple tests on one sample at a time/multiple samples one test at a time |
|
|
T1CH6
What are the driving forces toward automation? |
Higher volume of testing, faster turnaround time
Decline in use of lab panels/profiles Regulatory standards for greater accuracy and precision Competition w/ instrument manufacturers DEC budgets for labs - fewer and more centralized core labs |
|
|
T1CH6
What are the steps in automated analysis? |
Specimen preparation
Specimen identification Specimen measurement and delivery Reagent systems and delivery Chemical reaction phase Measurement phase Signal processing and data handling |
|
|
T1CH6
What are the steps of total laboratory automation? |
Preanalytic phase (Sample Processing)
Analytic phase (Chemical analyses) Postanalytic phase (Data management) |
|
|
T1CH6
Which approach to automation is most popular? |
DISCRETE ANALYSIS!
|
|
|
T1CH10
What are the FOUR methods of measurement of TOTAL PROTEINS? |
Kjeldahl
Refractometry Biuret Dye binding |
|
|
T1CH10
What are the FOUR methods of measurement of SPECIFIC PROTEINS? |
Salt fractionation
Albumin Total globulins Electrophoresis |
|
|
T1CH10
What are the FOUR methods of measurement of URINARY PROTEIN? |
Qualitative w/ reagent test strip
Precipitation Dye binding Immunochemical |
|
|
T1CH7
What is zone of equivalence? |
optimal ratio of [Ab] to [Ag] that results in MAX PRECIP
|
|
|
T1CH7
What are the FIVE methods for immune precipitaiton in gel? |
Double diffusion
Single diffusion Counterimmunoelectrophoresis Immunoelectrophoresis (IEP)/Immunofixaiton Electrophoresis (IFE) Rocket technique |
|
|
T1CH7
What are the THREE types of radioactive labels? |
Radionuclides
Beta emission Gamma emission |
|
|
T1CH7
What are the two approaches to Fluorescent labels? |
Substitute fluorescent label
Time resolved fluorescence immunoassay |
|
|
T1CH7
What is the Western blot? |
Transfer technique used to detect specific Ab
|
|
|
T1CH7
What is direct testing? |
Ag is integral part of cell/tissue
|
|
|
T1CH7
What is indirect testing? |
Cells/tissue are used as substrate to capture serum antibody
|
|
|
T1CH5
What is Beer's Law? |
[Substance] DIR amount of absorbance
[substance] IND log(transmitted light) |
|
|
T1CH5
What is spectrophotomectric instruemtns? |
measure light transmitted by a solution to determine [light absorbing substance in soltn]
|
|
|
T1CH5
What is a LASER? |
Light
Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation |
|
|
T1CH5
What does atomic absorption spectrophotometer measure? |
Measures conc by detecting absorption of electromagnetic atoms rather than by molecules
Sensitive, precise Routinely used to measure [trace metals] not easily excited |
|
|
T1CH5
What does flame photometry measure? |
Measures light emitted by excited atoms
THINK Intiuitive! If you burn something it gives off LIGHT |
|
|
T1CH5
What does fluorometry measure? |
Measures [soltn] that contain Fluores molecs
Greater specificity and sensitivity Sensitive to ENV changes |
|
|
T1CH5
What does Turbidity & Nephelometry measure? |
Measures particulate matter of sample
Neph - uses different angles |
|
|
T1CH5
What does Chemiluminescence measure? |
Measures [soltn] that contain Chemilum molecs
Uses oxidation RXNs NO EXCITATION RADATION /MONOCRHOMATORS ARE REQUIRED |
|
|
T1CH5
What type of light is LASER? |
Polarized
Coherent Low divergence |
|
|
T1CH5
What are the FIVE components of electrophoresis? |
Driving force
Support medium Buffer Sample Detecting system |
|
|
T1CH5
What are the FOUR supporting materials in electrophoresis? |
Cellulose acetate
Agarose Polyacrylamide Starch THINK microbio media |
|
|
T1CH5
What are the FOUR modes of separation in chromatography? |
Adsorption
Partition Steric exclusion Ion-exchange chromatography |
|
|
T1CH5
What are the FOUR rudimentary components of chromatography? |
Mobile phase
Stationary phase Column holding stationary phase Seprated components |
|
|
What does MALDI-TOF do?
|
Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization
time of flight mass spec Analyzes the biomolecules |
|
|
What does SELDI-TOF do?
|
Surface enhanced laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spec
Proteins are directly captured on a chromatographic biochip w/o the need of sample prepartion |
|
|
T1CH5
What does osmometry measure? |
Measures the [solute] particles in soltn
|
|
|
T1CH5
What is Analytic sensitivity? |
lower limit of defraction for given analyte
|
|
|
T1CH5
What is Clinical sensitivity? |
1)proportion w/ disease
2)test positive |
|
|
T1CH4
What is Diagnostic Specificity (Clinical Performance Measure)? |
1)W/o disease
2)Test negative THINK CSenPos - if you can See Sen, its positive DSecNeg - if you have to DiSec, it is negative |
|
|
T1CH5
What is diagnostic efficiency? |
Parameters used to determine how good a given test is at detecting and predicting presence of disease
|
|
|
T1CH4
What are the THREE measurements of inaccuracy? |
Recovery studies
Interference studies Comparison of methods studies |
|
|
T1CH4
What is a recovery study show? |
Show wheter a method is able to accureately measure an analyte
|
|
|
T1CH4
What is an interference study show? |
If specific compounds affect accurate determination of [analyte]
THINK Intuitive! If it affects the [analyte] it is interfereing! |
|
|
T1CH4
What does a comparison-of-methods study show? |
Examine pt smaples by method being evaluated with a reference method
THINK Intuitive! |
|
|
T1CH4
What is Allowable Analytic Error (Ea)? |
Error that WILL NOT negatively affect clinical judgements
-meaning that the random erro rand systemic error is LESS than Ea |
|
|
T1CH4
What are the THREE past methodologies used to estimate the med allowable error? |
Physiologic variation
Multiples of reference interval Pathologist judgment |
|
|
T1CH4
What are the THREE STAGES of an Operation of a Quality Control System |
Establishing allowable statistical limits of variation
Using limits as criteria for evaluating quality control data Taking action to remedy errors when indicated |
|
|
T1CH4
What are the FOUR requirements for Proficiency Testing? |
Lab must incorporate proficiency testing into its routine workflow as much as possible
Test values/samples must not be shared with other labs at any time during testing cycle Proficiency samples are tested by bench technical staff who normally do pt testing Testing should be completed w/in usual time |
|
|
T1CH4
What are the FOUR factors for quality improvement? |
Culture
Infractructure Methodology Metric |
|
|
T1CH4
What is CULTURE in terms of Quality Improvement? |
Relentless pursuit of improvement toward excellence
|
|
|
T1CH4
What is INFRASTRUCTURE in terms of quality improvement? |
Coalition of senior members from organization
|
|
|
T1CH4
What is METHODOLOGY in terms of quality improvement? |
Waste elimination and variation reduction
|
|
|
T1CH4
What is METRIC in terms of quality improvement? |
Lean and Six Sigma
|
|
|
What is the improvement methodology of quality management?
|
Define - end users of services, products, their needs and expectations, project boundaries, process
Measure - colelct data, determine defects assess satisfaction Analyze - examine data to identify root causes of error Improve - fix problems and prevent future ones with creative solutions Control - continuous monitoring of new plans |
|
|
T1CH4
What is LEAN in terms of quality management? |
Eliminate nonvalueadding steps and reduce cycle time: Efficiency
THINK Lean on Efficiency! |
|
|
T1CH4
What is SIX SIGMA in terms of quality management? |
Reduce variation and error
|
|
|
T2CH11
What is the measurement of urea? |
-BUN - blood urine nitrogen
|
|
|
T2CH11
What is NPN? |
Nonprotein Nitrogen
Meaning the compounds Urea, Uric acid, Creatinine, Creatine and etc totaling 15 |
|
|
T2CH11
What is the source of urea? |
-It is a major product of protein metabolism: generated during protein catabolism
|
|
|
T2CH11
Where is urea synthesized? What is the path afterwards? |
LIVER
Carried in the blood to the kidney |
|
|
T2CH11
What is urea's purpose? Biologiclaly Clinically |
Biological byproduct of protein metabolism
Clinical assessment of hydration status, N balance, renal disease, veryfy adequate dialysis |
|
|
Go over the laboratory chemistry of Urea
|
Nessler's reagent - color change
Interference Methodology - glutamate dehydrogenase |
|
|
T2CH11
What is urea? |
A compound that resembles acetone but has two amino groups instead of methyl groups
|
|
|
T2CH11
How is urea reabsorbed? |
By passive diffusion
-dep of flow rate and extent of hydration |
|
|
T2CH11
What is azotemia? |
Elevated [urea] in the blood
|
|
|
T2CH11
What is uremia? |
Very high plasma urea concentraiton accomplanied by renal failure
|
|
|
T2CH12
Creatine Kinase |
Creatine + ATP <-(CK)-> Creatine Phosphate + ADP
S-Muscle cells ATP generation in contractile or transport systems Elevated in disorders of cardiac/skeletal msucle -think AMI, muscular dystrophy (MDA) |
|
|
T2CH12
Lactate Dehydrogenase |
Lactate + NAD <-(LD)-> Pyruvic Acid + NADH + HNS - heart, liver, skel musce, erythrocytes
5 Types |
|
|
T2CH12
Aspartate Aminotrasferase |
asdf
|
|
|
T2CH12
Alanine Aminotransferase |
asdf
|
|
|
T2CH12
Alkaline Phosphatase |
asdf
|
|
|
T2CH12
Acid Phosphatase |
asdf
|
|
|
T2CH12
Gamma-Glutamyltransferase |
asdf
|
|
|
T2CH12
Amylase (AMS) |
asdf
|
|
|
T2CH12
Lipase (LPS) |
adsf
|
|
|
T2CH12
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) |
adsf
|
|
|
Hypernatremia causes
-INC water loss |
Diabetes
Renal tubular disorder Prolonged diarrhea Profuse sweatting Severe burns |
|
|
Hypernatremia causes
-DEC water intake |
Older persons
Infants Mental impairment |
|
|
Hypernatremia causes
-INC intake/retention |
Hyperaldosteronism
Sodium bicarbonate excess Dialysis fluid excess |
|
|
General causes of hypernatremia
|
INC water loss
DEC water intake INC intake/retention |
|
|
Hyponatremia
-Water imbalance |
Excess water intake
SIADH Pseudohyponatremia |
|
|
Hyponatremia
-INC water retention |
Renal failure
Nephrotic syndrome Hepatic cirrhosis Congestive heart failure |
|
|
Hyponatremia
-INC sodium loss |
Hypoadrenalism
POtassium deficiency Diuretic use Ketonuria Salt losing nephropathy Severe burns |
|
|
What are the general causes of hyponatremia?
|
-Water imbalance
-INC water retention -INC sodium loss |
|
|
Hyperalkemia
-DEC renal excretion |
Acute/chronic renal failure
Hypoaldosteronsim Addison's disease Diuretics |
|
|
Hyperalkemia
-Cellular shit |
Acidosis
Msucle/cellular injury Chemotherapy Leukemia Hemolysis |
|
|
Hyperalkemia
-Increased Intake |
Oral/IV potassium replacement therapy
|
|
|
Hyperalkemia
-Artifactual |
Sample hemolysis
Thromocytosis Prolonged tourniquet use or excessive fist clenching |
|
|
What are the general causes of hyperalkemia?
|
DEC renal excretion
Cellular shift INC intake Artifactual |
|
|
Hypoalkemia
-Renal loss |
Diuretics - thiazides, mineral cortocoids
Nephritis Renal tubular acidosis Hyperaldosteronism Cushing's syndrome Hypomagnesemia Acute leukemia |
|
|
Hypoalkemia
-Cellular shift |
Alkalosis
Insulin overdose |
|
|
Hypoalkemia
-DEC intake |
DEC intake
|
|
|
Hypoalkemia
-GI loss |
Vomitting
Diarrhea Gastric suction Intestinal tumor Malabsorption Cancer therapy/chemotherapy radation therapy Large doses of laxatives |
|
|
What are the general causes of hypoalkemia
|
Renal loss
Cellular shift DEC intake GI loss |
