Clinical Chemistry

Front 1

Is normally slightly alkaline with a pH of 7.35-7.45

Back 1

Arterial blood

Front 2

bicarb/carbonic acid ratio

Back 2

20:1

Front 3

What are the normal ranges of pH, PCo2 and HCO3?

Back 3

7.35-7.45
35-45 mm Hg
22-26 mmol/L

Front 4

pH represents what?

Back 4

hydrogen concentration

Front 5

PCo2 represents what?

Back 5

indicates the effectiveness of breathing

Front 6

HC03 represents what?

Back 6

metabolic, kidney function in acid base balance

Front 7

This blood gas condition is caused by diabetic ketoacidosis, renal failure, diarrhea, salicylate intoxication and starvation. The body will compensate through hyperventilation.

Back 7

Metabolic Acidosis (Non-Respiratory Acidosis)

Front 8

Is caused by ingestion of excess antacids, vomiting, intestinal obstruction, gastric suction, licorice intake, low potassium intake, hyperaldosteronism. Body will compensate by increasing CO2 in the body by slowing breathing.

Back 8

Metabolic Alkalosis (Non-Respiratory Alkalosis)

Front 9

Primarily CO2 excess due to hypoventilation. Is caused by COPD, CHF, apnea. The body compensates by the kidneys retain HCO3-, which raises the pH.

Back 9

Respiratory Acidosis

Front 10

Primarily CO2 deficit, causing pH to be high. Caused by hyperventilation, anxiety, crying. The body compensates by the kidneys excrete HCO3-.

Back 10

Respiratory Alkalosis

Front 11

A sample of blood from an artery is usually taken from where?

Back 11

Inside of the wrist. Can also be collected from groin and inside the arm.

Front 12

Is the primary storage form of iron.

Back 12

Ferritin

Front 13

When iron stores are low, ____ in the blood readily binds more iron.

Back 13

transferrin

Front 14

When iron stores are low the number of transferrin ___ on cells increase. Therefore transferrin facilitates iron uptake by cells.

Back 14

receptors

Front 15

Plasma protein that transports iron through the blood to the liver, spleen and bone marrow. Usually increased in Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA)

Back 15

transferrin

Front 16

Is utilized based on the following procedure, Fe3 (ferric acid) is released from binding proteins by acidification, reduced to Fe2 (ferrous iron) by a reducing agent, and complexed with a color reagent such as ferrozine or ferene.

Back 16

Spectrophotometry

Front 17

UIBC + total Fe content = ____

Back 17

TIBC

Front 18

Total iron Content/TIBC * 100 = _____

Back 18

%saturation

Front 19

Is a copper transport protein. Is necessary for the absorption of iron as well as the mobilization of iron from the liver.

Back 19

Ceuloplasmin

Front 20

Two genetic diseases involving copper metabolism

Back 20

Menkes' Syndrome and Wilson's Disease.

Front 21

Is an acquired ocndition and a recessive disorder that results in a kind of copper deficiency

Back 21

Menkes' Syndrome

Front 22

In the syndrome, the absorption and transportation of copper is altered, causing abnormal distribution of the mineral within cells and organs. Symptoms are mental deterioration, failure to thrive, deficient copper-containing enzyme activity, connective tissue abnormalities, kinky hair and early death.

Back 22

Menkes' Syndrome

Front 23

Is an autosomal recessive disorder that results in copper overload and toxicity. This impairment in copper metabolism causes the accumulation of copper mainly in liver and brain tissue, resulting in cirrhosis of the liver and brain lesions.

Back 23

Wilson's Disease

Front 24

Supports a healthy immune system, is needed for wound healing, helps maintain your sense of taste and smell, and is needed for DNA synthesis.

Back 24

Zinc

Front 25

This definciency included hair loss,skin lesions, diarrhea, wasting of body tissues, and eventually, death, male impotency.

Back 25

Zinc

Front 26

Increases the effects of insulin and decreases insulin requirements. Supplements are proven effective in diabetic patients.

Back 26

Chromium

Front 27

May inhibit absorption of copper and iron.

Back 27

Molybdenum

Front 28

The formation of a ______-____ complex is the basis of a treatment for Wilson's disease.

Back 28

molybdenum-copper

Front 29

A heme protein found only in the skeletal and cardiac muscle of humans

Back 29

myoglobin

Front 30

Myoglobin acts as an _____ _____ in the cytoplasm of the muscle cell membrane to the mitochondria is its main role.

Back 30

oxygen carrier

Front 31

This protein serves as an extra reserve of oxygen to help exercising muscle maintain activity longer.

Back 31

Myoglobin

Front 32

Damage to muscles often result in ______ levels of serum and urine myoglobin.

Back 32

elevated

Front 33

Myoglobin in urine will cross-react with the ______ test on the dipstick and cause a positive reaction.

Back 33

hemoglobin

Front 34

Primary use of serum myoglobin testing is investigation of chest pain to diagnose ______

Back 34

Acute myocardial infarction

Front 35

Also called somatotropin. secreted by pituitary gland.

Back 35

Growth hormone

Front 36

The ____ controls the release of growth hormone with growth-hormone releasing hormone and somatostatin.

Back 36

hypothalamus

Front 37

Increased levels of GH during childhood causes what?

Back 37

Giantism

Front 38

Increased levels of GH during adulthood causes what?

Back 38

Acromegaly

Front 39

Acromegaly is the result of what?

Back 39

pituitary tumor

Front 40

Decreased levels of GH during childhood causes what?

Back 40

pituitary dwarfism

Front 41

With a decreased level of growth hormone during adulthood it will ____.

Back 41

Decrease muscle mass, increase body fat and decrease bone density.

Front 42

The primary function of ___ is to initiate and maintain lactation.

Back 42

Prolactin.

Front 43

_____ is the storage region for vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH).

Back 43

posterior pituitary

Front 44

Has a critical role in lactation and likely plays a major role in labor and delivery.

Back 44

Oxytocin

Front 45

Major action is to regulate renal free water excretion; has a central role in water balance.

Back 45

vasopressin

Front 46

The outer adrenal cortex and the inner adrenal medulla makes up the ____.

Back 46

adrenal gland

Front 47

The outermost layer of the cortex of the adrenal gland that secretes aldosterone is called _______.

Back 47

Zona glomerulosa

Front 48

The function of _____ is to increase renal tubular reabsorption of sodium and increase excretion of potassium.

Back 48

aldosterone

Front 49

The middle layer of the cortex of the adrenal gland that secrete cortisol is called _______.

Back 49

Zona fasciculata

Front 50

An anti-insulin effects on carbs, fat and protein metabolism; suppression of inflammatory and allergic reactions; and water and electrolyte balance

Back 50

actions of cortisol

Front 51

A feedback loop

Back 51

regulation of cortisol

Front 52

Excess of cortisol. Symptoms is weight gain in the face, neck, shoulders and abdomen, Buffalo hump, hyperglycemia. Diagnosed by 24-hr urinary free cortisol.

Back 52

Cushing's Syndrome

Front 53

Third layer of the cortex of adrenal gland. Secretes sex steroids. Women become more masculine and men become more feminine.

Back 53

Zona reticularis

Front 54

Produces catecholamines: dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.

Back 54

adrenal medulla

Front 55

Malignant adrenal medulla tumors that occur in children.

Back 55

neuroblastomas